During the first decades of the Early Modern period, due to discoveries made by Portuguese explorers, Portugal acquired one of the earliest and most important European overseas empires. Over the course of three centuries, close links were established with Africa, America, and Asia in a dynamic move mediated by means of the sea. This was an epoch in which Portugal constituted a central player in great world transformations. Its dramatic opening to the wider world provoked deep changes at different levels inside the realm, from central political organization, in which the king and his court played a central role, to trade, society, and even the identity of Portugal and the self-perception of being Portuguese. Little affected by the religious break occasioned by Protestantism that shook central and northern Europe, though facing the challenge posed by the presence of a large group of Jewish descendants who were baptized forcibly in 1497, the kingdom embarked on its new course without cutting links with Europe, which some elites continued to view, until the late 18th century, as an inspiring intellectual, cultural, and artistic center. The leading role played by Portugal was marked by a hiatus between 1580 and 1640, a period during which, due to a dynastic crisis caused by the death of King Sebastian during a battle in North Africa, it was ruled by the Spanish Habsburg monarchy in an arrangement in which the country enjoyed a loose political autonomy. After 1640, with a new dynasty in charge, the kingdom faced severe difficulties, most especially until 1668. In the course of the 17th century when Portuguese overseas interests were attacked by the Dutch and the English, the center of the empire slowly moved from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic. This shift in geographic emphasis together with the discovery of diamonds and gold mines in Brazil led, by the end of the 17th century, to a period of economic growth that lasted until the first half of the 18th century. During this period, the Crown profited by reinforcing its power both internally and externally. Influenced by Enlightenment doctrines that were accompanied, simultaneously and paradoxically, by use of repressive methods, the government, after the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755, instituted deep reforms, which were were set up under the leadership of Carvalho e Melo (Marquis of Pombal), who gained the favor of the king as chief minister until 1777. The historiography on early modern Portugal is rich, particularly in works published by Portuguese authors after the 1970s. The following entries are limited to the most representative essays in each of the different topics: political history, Portuguese empire, diplomatic history, economic history, social history and welfare, cultural history, religious history, art history, and local history.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0237","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T18:17:32Z","timestamp":1399486652000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Modern Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roger Lee","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Early Modern Portugal"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:33:54Z","timestamp":1632425634000},"score":19.250765,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0237.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0237","published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,28]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:51:52Z","timestamp":1712278312852},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Boydell and Brewer","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781846152375","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9781846152375-006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T09:20:00Z","timestamp":1712222400000},"page":"45-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["4. 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Since the sixteenth century, Portugal and Brazil had been part of a single political unit\u2014organized around the monarchy and the figure of the king and his European court. This was a Lisbon-based \u201cpluricontinental monarchy\u201d that spread across the globe but had in the Atlantic a key political, social, and economic arena. The Atlantic connected Portugal to the colonial regions of Brazil and the commercial factories of Africa, the latter feeding the transatlantic slave trade to America. In the second half of the eighteenth century, metropolitan imperial policies continued and deepened previous efforts to strengthen this unit, with various political, economic, administrative, and military reforms, some of which were related to indigenous groups in Brazil. In the early nineteenth century the French invasion of Portugal in the context of the Napoleonic Wars led to dramatic changes in this configuration, starting with the transfer of the monarchy from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. Brazil still was not a single unit, but the unpredictable consequences of that political crisis created new conflicts, tensions, and alternative projects involving Portugal and Brazil that led to the Portuguese liberal revolution of 1820 and Brazilian independence in 1822. In the absence of the colonial system, liberalism and royalism intermittently clashed in Portugal until the liberal victory of 1834. This conflictive, sinuous, and indeterminate process makes the history of Portugal and Brazil part of the so-called \u201cAge of Revolutions,\u201d with important consequences for both countries and for their relations with the rest of the world across the nineteenth century. But for a few exceptions, the essential bibliography on Portugal and Brazil in the Age of Revolutions has been written and published in Portuguese. This is in part a consequence of the little scholarly interest that Luso-American affairs have attracted until recently, but also because it is the product of a vibrant, autonomous intellectual and academic environment (that at times also includes its Hispanic counterpart). In any case, Brazilian historiography is much larger and marked by many more debates than its Portuguese counterpart, where discussions took place a few decades ago. The choices presented here reflect the different dimensions of each context. This list outlines the most relevant printed sources and classic works as well as the main current bibliography on each selected theme.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0365","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T14:38:02Z","timestamp":1658759882000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Portugal and Brazil in the Age of Revolutions"],"prefix":"10.1093","member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"container-title":["Atlantic History"],"original-title":["Portugal and Brazil in the Age of Revolutions"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T14:38:02Z","timestamp":1658759882000},"score":18.687109,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780199730414\/obo-9780199730414-0365.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"ISBN":["9780199730414"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199730414-0365","published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:51:19Z","timestamp":1712278279596},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Boydell and Brewer","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781846152375","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]]},"DOI":"10.1515\/9781846152375-005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T09:20:00Z","timestamp":1712222400000},"page":"37-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3. 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