Chanoyu (literally \u201chot water for tea\u201d), alternately known as Sad\u014d\/Chad\u014d (\u201cThe Way of Tea\u201d), often described as \u201ctea ceremony\u201d in English, is an art of social interaction based around the preparation and consumption of matcha (powdered green tea). Considered an art form in its own right, since its development in the sixteenth century, tea culture has provided an important context for the creation, consumption, and display of art forms such as calligraphy, painting, ceramics, lacquerware, and metalwork, to name but a few. Scholarship on chanoyu began in the early twentieth century and burgeoned in the postwar period. Much of the scholarship is dominated by authors associated with the Urasenke School of Tea which has become the largest school both within Japan and internationally in the postwar period and has its own publishing arm, Tank\u014dsha. There is therefore a bias in existing scholarship toward this school, its style of practice and history, however, this has begun to be corrected in recent years. There has been a trend away from focusing on a linear narrative of the development of chanoyu with a focus on the three so\u2013called \u201cfounders\u201d of chanoyu: Murata Juk\u014d (Shuk\u014d) (b.\u00a01422\/3\u2013d.\u00a01502); Takeno Joo (b.\u00a01502\u2013d.\u00a01555); and Sen no Riky\u016b (b.\u00a01522\u2013d.\u00a01591). More attention is given to developments after the formative period in which they lived, as well as more nuanced approaches to the contributions of these leading figures. The material culture of tea has become an increasingly fruitful area of study, with attention being given not only to the objects themselves but to patterns of consumption, the role of tea practitioners as producers of tea utensils and patrons of craftsman, and the function of tea utensils in gift exchange, identity construction, and for cultivating political capital. Another burgeoning area of study is the role of women in both historical and contemporary tea practice, and what the study of tea brings to women\u2019s lives. This is correcting the male-centered narratives of earlier scholarship. Much tea scholarship is historical but there is a growing interest in bringing academic perspectives to bear on contemporary practice. Recent English-language scholarship has moved away from the term \u201ctea ceremony\u201d because it is not a translation of any existing Japanese term, nor does it capture the breadth of the practice. The term \u201ctea culture\u201d or even simply \u201ctea\u201d is now preferred as it is more encompassing of the various art forms included within chanoyu.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0187","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1739785195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arts of the Tea Ceremony"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Corbett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"container-title":["Art History"],"original-title":["Arts of the Tea Ceremony"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T09:39:55Z","timestamp":1739785195000},"score":17.56451,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199920105\/obo-9780199920105-0187.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"ISBN":["9780199920105"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0187","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T14:50:58Z","timestamp":1726066258406},"edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9781351167802"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781351167802-5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T07:27:01Z","timestamp":1580196421000},"page":"35-53","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Making Martial Arts History Matter"],"prefix":"10.4324","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Bowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"301","container-title":["Martial Arts in Asia"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1617509554000},"score":17.479729,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781351167796\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781351167802-5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"ISBN":["9781351167802"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781351167802-5","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T04:44:53Z","timestamp":1769661893528,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Common Ground Research Networks","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.18848\/2326-9952\/cgp","type":"journal","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:43:02Z","timestamp":1769622182000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The International Journal of Arts Theory and History"],"prefix":"10.18848","member":"8112","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:43:02Z","timestamp":1769622182000},"score":17.365494,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cgscholar.com\/publishers\/journals\/the-international-journal-of-arts-theory-and-history"}},"short-title":["The International Journal of Arts Theory and History"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18848\/2326-9952\/cgp","ISSN":["2326-9952","2327-1779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-9952","type":"print"},{"value":"2327-1779","type":"electronic"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:59:59Z","timestamp":1768305599096,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199920105","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The Ghaznavids ruled from 977 to 1186, making of its capital Ghazni one of the most powerful and flourishing cities of the medieval Iranian world. Though the dynasty was of Turkic origin, arts and courtly customs were largely shaped on the Iranian culture that had started its revival under the Samanids. Military campaigns led toward northern India allowed to establish a rule in Lahore, where the late Ghaznavid sultans took refuge. This way, art and architecture gained some Indian influences, especially in stone-carving techniques. The extensive use of marble in architectural decoration as well as in funerary monuments and the early use of Persian in monumental contexts makes of Ghazni a unique site in the eastern Islamic context. The rich variety of materials employed reveals, at the same time, the pursuit of a homogenous taste, as attested for instance in polychromy. When the Ghurids (from the central region of Ghur, in Afghanistan) replaced the Ghaznavids in 1151, installing themselves in preexisting palaces and building new structures, they privileged the use of terracotta and brickwork decoration, retaining the prominent role of monumental epigraphy. Inscriptions issued by the two dynasties reflect vividly the cultural milieu, either referring to coeval literature and poetry or to religious nuances. The Ghurid transregional sultanate, which lasted until 1206, stretched from northwestern Afghanistan to northern India, thus implying even stronger artistic influences from India and the spread of this mixed style outside Afghanistan.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0203","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1768280569000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ghaznavids and Ghurids Arts and Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Laviola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"container-title":["Art History"],"original-title":["Ghaznavids and Ghurids Arts and Architecture"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1768280569000},"score":17.240162,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780199920105\/obo-9780199920105-0203.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"ISBN":["9780199920105"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0203","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T04:37:07Z","timestamp":1659501427166},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"University of Hawai'i Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,10]]},"DOI":"10.21313\/hawaii\/9780824831103.003.0008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]],"date-time":"2016-11-17T17:21:20Z","timestamp":1479403280000},"page":"197-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts"],"prefix":"10.21313","author":[{"given":"Meir","family":"Shahar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"8860","container-title":["The Shaolin Monastery"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T14:47:15Z","timestamp":1659451635000},"score":17.023767,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hawaii-scholarship-online\/book\/19612\/chapter\/178360033"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,10]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21313\/hawaii\/9780824831103.003.0008","published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:30:58Z","timestamp":1762299058412,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"BRILL","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9789004361560"},{"type":"print","value":"9789004361515"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1163\/9789004361560_001","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,13]],"date-time":"2019-07-13T22:00:23Z","timestamp":1563055223000},"page":"1-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Religion and the Arts: History and Method"],"prefix":"10.1163","author":[{"given":"Diane","family":"Apostolos-Cappadona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Religion and the Arts: History and Method"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/9789004361560\/B9789004361560_002.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/title\/36232","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T03:04:32Z","timestamp":1754622272000},"score":17.01356,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/9789004361560\/B9789004361560_002.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"ISBN":["9789004361560","9789004361515"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/9789004361560_001","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:10:51Z","timestamp":1773681051240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Common Ground Research 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History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.18848\/2326-9952\/cgp\/v11i04","type":"journal-issue","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T19:58:37Z","timestamp":1526500717000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"prefix":"10.18848","volume":"11","member":"8112","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"container-title":["The International Journal of Arts Theory and History"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:44:01Z","timestamp":1769622241000},"score":16.818062,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cgscholar.com\/publishers\/issues\/the-international-journal-of-arts-theory-and-history-vol-11-issue-4-2016"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18848\/2326-9952\/cgp\/v11i04","ISSN":["2326-9952","2327-1779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-9952","type":"print"},{"value":"2327-1779","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:36:54Z","timestamp":1768304214588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199920105","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The arts of Islam refer here to the arts and, more broadly and more objectively, the material cultures produced in the Islamic Empire and, following the fragmentation of the empire, the Islamic world. Founded in the \u1e24idj\u0101z region of the Arabian Peninsula in the early seventh century CE, Islam spread from al-Andalus to al-Sind in the early eighth century and continued to expand over the centuries by both military and peaceful means, especially trade. China too, has changed size and shape over centuries. China referred to here includes both historical China, considered to be \u201cinside\u201d by ancient and medieval Chinese authors, and other territories, especially Xinjiang, which have been under the direct authority of Beijing only since the eighteenth century. Contacts between these two regions started in Antiquity. Following the rise of Islam, both the Islamic world and China involved a wide range of populations and religions. The situation is further complicated by the fact that their relations are often referred to as \u201cthe Silk Road(s),\u201d a problematic label that has itself been the subject of archaeological investigation. On the other hand, Muslim communities settled and developed inside China, producing their own art and material culture associated with the Muslim faith. The artistic and material-culture relations between the Islamic world and China have not been the subject of monographic synthetic study to date. The sources of information are extremely diverse and scattered, ranging from medieval textual sources in a wide variety of languages to archaeological excavations and various hermeneutic methodologies, from formal and stylistic classification to quantitative archaeology or laboratory analyses. This article will attempt to cover the literature on the artistic and material-culture relations between the Islamic world and China from the medieval period up to the twentieth century. It will be necessarily selective, by its very scope. It will focus mainly on the so-called central lands of Islam and will paradoxically make only a few allusions to the territories that are closer to China and therefore have longer standing, more direct, and more sustained contacts with it, namely India and Southeast Asia. The article will also barely touch on other territories where both Islam and contacts with China are attested since medieval times, such as the Swahili coast of East Africa. This choice reflects the state of the field, which has only recently begun to turn its attention to these regions, acknowledging at last that they are far from being peripheral or liminal.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780199920105-0202","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:02:47Z","timestamp":1768280567000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["China and the Arts of Islam"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nourane Ben","family":"Azzouna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shunhua","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"container-title":["Art History"],"original-title":["China and the Arts of 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