The recent developments in our understanding of the history of the Indo-Iranian languages and their speakers are surveyed and assessed in this book by a group of linguists and archaeologists. In the last few years, the materials available for the study of the older Indo-Iranian languages have increased dramatically: there have been discoveries of birch-bark scrolls bearing Buddhist texts in the Gandhari language of north-west India, and of leather documents in Bactrian, the ancient language of northern Afghanistan. Previously known data has been exploited in new ways using innovative techniques for compiling, manipulating, and disseminating electronic text and digital images. And archaeological finds in India, Pakistan, and Central Asia, including the \u2018Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex\u2019, have given rise to new hypotheses concerning the history and pre-history of the Indo-Iranian peoples. The volume also pays tribute to the pioneering work of the philologist Sir Harold Bailey (1899\u20131996).<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.001.0001","type":"monograph","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,22]],"date-time":"2013-02-22T15:37:37Z","timestamp":1361547457000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"prefix":"10.5871","member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"original-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and 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GmbH","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1163\/2330-4804_eiro_com_3428","type":"dataset","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1604905455000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES"],"prefix":"10.1163","member":"374","container-title":["Encyclopaedia Iranica Online"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T07:34:09Z","timestamp":1759131249000},"score":34.763996,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/indo-iranian-languages\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/2330-4804_eiro_com_3428"},{"institution":[{"name":"Koninklijke Brill NV","acronym":["BRILL"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:10:03Z","timestamp":1759133403848,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter 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Online"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T07:34:08Z","timestamp":1759131248000},"score":34.09701,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.iranicaonline.org\/articles\/indo-iranian-frontier-languages-and-the-influence-of-persian\/"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/2330-4804_eiro_com_306"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T08:33:50Z","timestamp":1725957230163},"edition-number":"0","reference-count":1,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780203880647"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9780203880647-18","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T02:51:52Z","timestamp":1606877512000},"page":"149-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Iranian Languages"],"prefix":"10.4324","member":"301","reference":[{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"ksamotte \u2018when three months had passed, the Buddha took leave of the king\u2019."}],"container-title":["The Indo-European Languages"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T11:26:06Z","timestamp":1608636366000},"score":34.04352,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781134921874\/chapters\/10.4324\/9780203880647-18"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]},"ISBN":["9780203880647"],"references-count":1,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203880647-18","published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:21:55Z","timestamp":1767972115182,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Institute for Linguistic Studies Russian Academy of Sciences","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.30842\/30346800","type":"journal","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T09:23:32Z","timestamp":1744881812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indo-Iranian Languages"],"prefix":"10.30842","member":"12296","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:29:58Z","timestamp":1767961798000},"score":33.514496,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/indo-iranian.org\/iil"}},"short-title":["IIL"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30842\/30346800","ISSN":["3034-6800","3034-6819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3034-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"3034-6819","type":"electronic"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:12Z","timestamp":1714665612533},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British 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Since the beginning of Tocharian studies, the two languages of the \u2018Tocharian\u2019 group have interested Iranianists as well as Indologists because of the proximity of the sites where Tocharian manuscripts and those in Iranian languages, such as Khotanese and Sogdian, were discovered at the beginning of the twentieth century. In respect of the contents of the texts, which are almost all of Buddhist inspiration, Tocharian studies fall into the Indian sphere. This chapter focuses on lexical problems in Tocharian which need to be approached from the perspective of language contact, in order to exemplify the problems of research in this field.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0012","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tocharian and Indo-Iranian: relations between two linguistic areas"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"Georges-Jean","family":"Pinault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["Tocharian and Indo-Iranian: relations between two linguistic areas"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:27Z","timestamp":1659457947000},"score":33.43586,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134958448"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0012","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:09:19Z","timestamp":1741302559885,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indo Iran J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"DOI":"10.1163\/000000007790085770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,14]],"date-time":"2012-03-14T21:03:35Z","timestamp":1331759015000},"page":"173-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sims-Williams, Nicholas (Ed.): Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Almut","family":"Hintze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Indo-Iranian Journal"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/iij\/50\/2\/article-p173_7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/iij\/50\/2\/article-p173_7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T05:31:37Z","timestamp":1631770297000},"score":33.090702,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/iij\/50\/2\/article-p173_7.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/000000007790085770","ISSN":["0019-7246","1572-8536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0019-7246"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-8536"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:09Z","timestamp":1714665609229},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Academy","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197262856","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191753961","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"abstract":"
The Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two basic groups, Indo-Aryan (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in India in its pre-1947 sense of South Asia) and Iranian (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in Iran, also rather in the historical sense of the Persian Empire, which extended to Central Asia and the Indus Valley). This chapter discusses how this dialectal split goes back to the very emergence of Proto-Aryan from Late Proto-Indo-European, far from India and Iran.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"Asko","family":"Parpola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["From the dialects of Old Indo-Aryan to Proto-Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:23Z","timestamp":1659457943000},"score":33.08439,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134953818"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0003","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:10Z","timestamp":1714665610583},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Academy","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197262856","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191753961","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"abstract":"
In the context of the problems connected with the early migrations of the Indo-Iranian peoples and the entry of the Indo-Aryans into India, the question of where and when the ancestors of the later Iranians separated from the Indo-Aryans is particularly interesting. This problem is connected with that of the relationship between Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and the third Indo-Iranian group of languages, the Nuristani languages, formerly called Kafiri languages. The Nuristani languages are spoken almost entirely within the confines of the area of northeast Afghanistan known as Nuristan. There is no doubt that the Nuristani languages belong to the Aryan group of Indo-European languages, their nearest relatives being the Iranian and the Indian languages. However, there has never been unanimity about the exact position of the Nuristani languages in relation to these two well-known branches of the Aryan family. There are three possible hypotheses, each of which has found supporters: (i) the Nuristani languages are part of the Iranian family, but separated at a very early stage from the main stream of Iranian languages; (ii) they are part of the Indo-Aryan family, but separated from Indo-Aryan in pre-Vedic times; and (iii) they are neither Indian nor Iranian but represent a third branch of the Aryan family. This chapter attempts to evaluate each of these hypotheses critically.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0004","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Nuristani languages"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"Almuth","family":"Degener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["The Nuristani languages"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1659457944000},"score":32.56587,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134954959"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0004","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:11:10Z","timestamp":1741302670424,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indo Iran J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"DOI":"10.1163\/001972412x620312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]],"date-time":"2012-11-29T09:23:55Z","timestamp":1354181035000},"page":"390-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Windfuhr, Gernot (Ed.), The Iranian Languages"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Michiel","family":"de Vaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Indo-Iranian Journal"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/iij\/55\/4\/article-p390_7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/iij\/55\/4\/article-p390_7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T05:32:52Z","timestamp":1631770372000},"score":32.171417,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/iij\/55\/4\/article-p390_7.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/001972412x620312","ISSN":["0019-7246","1572-8536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0019-7246"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-8536"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:26:20Z","timestamp":1774452380011,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"London","edition-number":"1","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Routledge","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781003772477","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"DOI":"10.4324\/9781003772477-13","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:27:31Z","timestamp":1774448851000},"page":"192-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aryan or Indo-Iranian"],"prefix":"10.4324","author":[{"given":"W. B.","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"301","container-title":["A Panorama of Indo-European Languages"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:27:33Z","timestamp":1774448853000},"score":32.05293,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781003772477\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781003772477-13"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"ISBN":["9781003772477"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003772477-13","published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:16:24Z","timestamp":1767971784395,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Institute for Linguistic Studies Russian Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.30842\/30346800.2025.1.2","type":"journal-issue","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T14:15:32Z","timestamp":1762265732000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"prefix":"10.30842","volume":"1","member":"12296","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:29:59Z","timestamp":1767961799000},"score":31.53601,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/indo-iranian.org\/iil\/issue\/view\/4"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30842\/30346800.2025.1.2","ISSN":["3034-6800","3034-6819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3034-6800","type":"print"},{"value":"3034-6819","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:12Z","timestamp":1714665612117},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Academy","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197262856","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191753961","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"abstract":"
This chapter examines whether there are Scythian loanwords in the Old Iranian languages, namely Avestan and Old Persian. Since all three languages are closely related, it is not simple to prove borrowing. Old Persian vocabulary contains many words which must be of Iranian but non-Persian origin. These words are usually attributed to Median, but it is in principle equally possible that they are borrowed from any other Iranian language, including Scythian. Only when we find phonological features which are characteristic of Scythian can we be confident that we are indeed dealing with a Scythian loanword.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Scythian elements in Old Iranian"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lubotsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["Scythian elements in Old Iranian"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:26Z","timestamp":1659457946000},"score":31.453262,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134957317"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0009","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T04:14:29Z","timestamp":1744949669118,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Institute for Linguistic Studies Russian Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IIL"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.30842\/30346800.2025.1.1","type":"journal-issue","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T13:23:32Z","timestamp":1744896212000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"prefix":"10.30842","volume":"1","member":"12296","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T13:23:33Z","timestamp":1744896213000},"score":31.169964,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/indo-iranian.org\/iil\/issue\/view\/3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30842\/30346800.2025.1.1","ISSN":["3034-6819","3034-6800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3034-6819","type":"print"},{"value":"3034-6800","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:08Z","timestamp":1714665608608},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Academy","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197262856","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191753961","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"abstract":"
Archaeological attempts to discern prehistoric linguistic dispersals are packaged in a variety of models that must all rest on at least one assumption: the archaeological record in some form or another provides proxy evidence for linguistic entities or, at least, language shift. All of these models are well rehearsed in the area of Indo-European dispersals in Asia, particularly with reference to Indo-Iranian origins and migrations. This chapter discusses the following models: continuity, discontinuity, geographical, cultural, and contact models.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Archaeological models and Asian Indo-Europeans"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"J. P.","family":"Mallory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["Archaeological models and Asian Indo-Europeans"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1659457944000},"score":31.026512,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134953248"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:00:11Z","timestamp":1714665611025},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Academy","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780197262856","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191753961","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"abstract":"
This chapter focuses on a language whose very name was first proposed by the great scholar whose career is celebrated in this volume. For it was Harold Bailey's 1946 article whose title \u2018G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b\u2019 introduced that name for the first time. The discussion covers the varieties of literary G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b, the historical development of G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b as a literary language, the character of literary G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b, and G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b and the modern language of the northwest.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0005","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b and the other Indo-Aryan languages in the light of newly-discovered Kharo\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b manuscripts"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Salomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["G\u0101ndh\u0101r\u012b and the other Indo-Aryan languages in the light of newly-discovered Kharo\u1e63\u1e6dh\u012b 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GmbH","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indo-Iranian Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1017551801434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,29]],"date-time":"2002-12-29T22:59:26Z","timestamp":1041202766000},"page":"82-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vincenc Po\u0159\u00edzka, Opera Minora, Studies in the Bhagavadgita and New Indo-Aryan Languages, Jaroslav Strnad 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This chapter goes back to the beginnings of Buddhism, in fact to that ancient problem: What language or languages did the Buddha speak? It discusses Old Indo-Aryan and the origin of the Prakrit dialects, the language(s) of the Buddha and the Jina, Old M\u0101gadh\u012b, the migration of the Buddhist teachings, the writing down of the canon in Ceylon, anomalous forms in the Therav\u0101din canon, anomalous forms and the A\u015bokan inscriptions, and why anomalies remain in the P\u0101li canon.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T13:56:26Z","timestamp":1375883786000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["P\u0101li and the languages of early Buddhism"],"prefix":"10.5871","author":[{"given":"K. R.","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3895","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,31]]},"container-title":["Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples"],"original-title":["P\u0101li and the languages of early Buddhism"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T16:32:24Z","timestamp":1659457944000},"score":29.592907,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/british-academy-scholarship-online\/book\/323\/chapter\/134955768"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]},"ISBN":["9780197262856","9780191753961"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5871\/bacad\/9780197262856.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T22:50:51Z","timestamp":1741301451087,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,1]],"date-time":"1990-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":654739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indo-Iran J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00220149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,17]],"date-time":"2004-09-17T22:25:39Z","timestamp":1095459939000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kab?r's language and languages, Hindu? as the language of non-conformity"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Vaudeville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Indo-Iranian Journal"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00220149.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00220149\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00220149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T00:13:15Z","timestamp":1554768795000},"score":29.47063,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/10.1007\/BF00220149"}},"subtitle":["A. Kab?r's languages"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00220149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00220149","ISSN":["0019-7246","1572-8536"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0019-7246"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1572-8536"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"Indo-Iranian+languages+and+literature"}}}