This chapter provides an overview of the natural roles of different elements in biological systems and the various and extraordinarily subtle ways in which each one is exploited. It starts with a discussion on the physical structure of cells and the inorganic composition of living organisms. The chapter then describes how different elements are taken up selectively by different cells and intracellular compartments. It also explains acid-base catalysis, oxygen atom transfer by molybdenum and tungsten enzymes, and the nitrogen cycle, among others. The chapter concludes by emphasizing that biological metals and metalloproteins have important futures in medicine, energy production, green synthesis, and nanotechnology.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0029","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T09:17:46Z","timestamp":1694769466000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological inorganic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Biological inorganic chemistry"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-29","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:49:48Z","timestamp":1707209388000},"score":18.411415,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-29"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"ISBN":["9780198768128"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0029","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:36:24Z","timestamp":1715744184947},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198768128","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"abstract":"
This chapter describes how medical science is taking advantage of the stranger elements, such as platinum, gold, lithium, arsenic, and synthetic technetium, to diagnose and treat illness. It examines the inorganic complexes in cancer treatment, anti-arthritis drugs, and bismuth in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Next, it tackles the use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders and organometallic drugs in the treatment of malaria. Furthermore, the chapter looks at metal complexes as antiviral agents, and metal drugs that slowly release carbon monoxide to address post-operative stress. It also tackles chelation therapy, imaging agents, and nanoparticles in directed-drug delivery.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0030","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T10:10:06Z","timestamp":1694772606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inorganic chemistry in medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Inorganic chemistry in medicine"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-30","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:49:48Z","timestamp":1707209388000},"score":18.248363,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-30"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"ISBN":["9780198768128"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0030","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:10:19Z","timestamp":1760091019277,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198866916"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"abstract":"
This chapter focuses on the role of metal ions in biological systems, particularly how cells utilise inorganic elements beyond carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It begins by exploring cell structure and function, highlighting the selective uptake and compartmentalisation of elements through membranes and ion pumps. The chapter then examines the roles of metal ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium in transport, signalling, and storage within organisms. A significant section covers iron, discussing its transport via proteins like transferrin and its storage in ferritin. Oxygen transport through haemoglobin and myoglobin is also explored, with emphasis on the coordination chemistry involved. The chapter further addresses enzymatic functions, such as those involving hydrogenases and enzymes responsible for radical rearrangements, in relation to metal cofactors. Lastly, it considers the regulatory role of metals in gene expression and biomineralisation, illustrating the wide range of biological functions influenced by inorganic chemistry.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0029","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1759923822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological inorganic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1039\/b713633c","article-title":"Metallomics: The concept and methodology","volume":"38","author":"Mounicou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198508472.001.0001","volume-title":"The Biological Chemistry of the Elements","author":"Frausto da Silva","year":"2001"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113666","article-title":"Principles of selective ion transport in channels and pumps","volume":"310","author":"Gouaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0502605","article-title":"Alternative roles for metal ions in enzyme catalysis and the implications for ribozyme chemistry","volume":"107","author":"Sigel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. 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Sci."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198508823.001.0001","volume-title":"Biomineralization: Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry","author":"Mann","year":"2001"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19.1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-011520-104801","article-title":"Current understanding of the mechanism of water oxidation in photosystem II and its relation to XFEL data","volume":"89","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem.,"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00067","article-title":"Structural enzymology of nitrogenase enzymes","volume":"120","author":"Einsle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Reviews,"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201708408","article-title":"Directed evolution: bringing new chemistry to life","volume":"57","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.9b00164","article-title":"Methyl (alkyl)-coenzyme M reductases: Nickel F\u2011430-containing enzymes involved in anaerobic methane formation and in anaerobic oxidation of methane or of short chain alkanes","volume":"58","author":"Thauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10332","article-title":"N2O binding at a [4Cu:2S] copper\u2013sulphur cluster in nitrous oxide reductase","volume":"477","author":"Pomowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/ar8001409","article-title":"Small-molecule fluorescent sensors for investigating zinc metalloneurochemistry","volume":"42","author":"Nolan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505223112","article-title":"An Mn(V)-oxo role in splitting water","volume":"112","author":"Britt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1021\/ar100099u","article-title":"Artificial metalloenzymes based on the biotin-avidin technology: Enantiomeric catalysis and beyond","volume":"44","author":"Ward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-010909-095056","article-title":"The discovery of zinc fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation","volume":"79","author":"Klug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.04.001","article-title":"On the catalytic mechanisms of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases","volume":"31","author":"Walton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00106","article-title":"Designing artificial metalloenzymes by tuning of the environment beyond the primary coordination sphere","volume":"122","author":"Van Stappen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev.,"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37351-w","article-title":"Mitochondrial ATP synthase as a direct molecular target of chromium (III) to ameliorate hyperglycaemia stress","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications,"}],"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Biological inorganic chemistry"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T09:50:20Z","timestamp":1760089820000},"score":18.219114,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.001.0001\/isbn-9780198866916-book-part-29"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"ISBN":["9780198866916"],"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0029","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:10:25Z","timestamp":1760091025595,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198866916"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"abstract":"
This chapter explores the synthesis, properties, and applications of materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale range of 1\u2013100 nm. It introduces nanomaterials by emphasising the importance of controlling particle size and shape to modify properties such as electronic conductivity, optical behaviour, and catalytic activity. Various synthesis methods are examined, including solution-based, vapour-phase, and templated approaches for producing nanomaterials with defined dimensions. The chapter highlights the unique properties of nanoparticles based on their dimensionality, such as zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots with distinct optical characteristics, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires with enhanced mechanical strength, and two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene, known for their exceptional electrical conductivity. Lastly, the industrial and biomedical applications of these materials are also discussed, covering fields such as catalysis, sensors, energy storage, and biomedicine, demonstrating their vast potential across various sectors.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0032","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1759923822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticle inorganic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781849737395","volume-title":"Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials","author":"Ozin","year":"2008"},{"volume-title":"Introduction to Nanotechnology","year":"2003","author":"Poole","key":"2"},{"volume-title":"Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies","year":"2002","author":"Wilson","key":"3"},{"volume-title":"Inorganic Nanowires: Applications, Properties, and Characterization","year":"2012","author":"Meyyappan","key":"4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652570","volume-title":"Complex-Shaped Metal Nanoparticles: Bottom-up Syntheses and Applications","author":"Sau","year":"2012"},{"volume-title":"Graphene: Synthesis and Applications","year":"2012","author":"Choi","key":"6"},{"volume-title":"Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives","year":"2012","author":"Altavilla","key":"7"},{"volume-title":"NanoChemistry: From Theory to Application for In-Depth Understanding of Nanomaterials","year":"2022","author":"Liu","key":"8"},{"volume-title":"New Frontiers in Nanochemistry: Concepts, Theories, and Trends: Volume 1: Structural Nanochemistry; Volume 2: Topological Nanochemistry; Volume 3: Sustainable Nanochemistry","year":"2020","author":"Putz","key":"9"}],"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Nanoparticle inorganic chemistry"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T09:50:20Z","timestamp":1760089820000},"score":18.217966,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.001.0001\/isbn-9780198866916-book-part-32"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"ISBN":["9780198866916"],"references-count":9,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0032","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:36:28Z","timestamp":1715744188042},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198768128","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"abstract":"
This chapter introduces the most important physical techniques that are used to investigate the atomic and electronic structures of inorganic compounds and to study their reactions. It explains the two diffraction methods: X-ray and neutron diffraction. Then it looks at absorption and emission spectroscopies, covering ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The chapter also describes nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. Furthermore, it discusses ionization-based techniques: photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The chapter explains atomic absorption spectroscopy, CHN analysis, X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. Next, it tackles magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility, as well as electrochemical techniques, before looking at scanning probe microscopy and electron microscopy.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T12:21:53Z","timestamp":1694780513000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical techniques in inorganic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Physical techniques in inorganic chemistry"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:49:38Z","timestamp":1707209378000},"score":17.998692,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.001.0001\/isbn-9780198768128-book-part-9"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"ISBN":["9780198768128"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198768128.003.0009","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:26:54Z","timestamp":1760142414691,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198866916"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"abstract":"
This chapter explores the use of metal-based compounds in treating medical conditions like cancer, arthritis, and bacterial infections. Platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin, are effective in cancer therapy by disrupting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication in malignant cells, while gold compounds help manage rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting inflammation-related enzymes. Bismuth-based drugs are notably successful in treating Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium linked to gastric ulcers and cancer. Lithium's role in managing bipolar disorder is also discussed, though its biochemical mechanisms are still unclear. The chapter concludes with advances in nanoparticle drug delivery systems and the potential of metal complexes in treating malaria and emerging viral infections.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0036","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1759923822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inorganic chemistry in medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140182","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0182","article-title":"The elements of life and medicines","volume":"373","author":"Chellan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5106","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc41143e","article-title":"Exploration of the medical periodic table: Towards new targets","volume":"49","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"3","first-page":"12888\u2013917","article-title":"Metallodrugs are unique: Opportunities and challenges of discovery and development. Chem.","volume":"11","author":"Anthony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci."},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524\u201334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2021.03.006","article-title":"Metal complexes for therapeutic applications","volume":"3","author":"Karges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends in Chemistry"},{"key":"5","article-title":"Arsenic in medicine: past, present and future","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623\u201338","DOI":"10.1039\/C9QI00288J","article-title":"Diazido platinum(IV) complexes for photoactivated anticancer chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4004314","article-title":"Synthetic methods for preparation of platinum anticancer complexes","volume":"114","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544\u201382","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CS00468A","article-title":"Metallodrugs in cancer nanomedicine","volume":"51","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12037\u201369","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00031K","article-title":"Medicinal chemistry and biomedical applications of bismuth-based compounds and nanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Griffith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85\u201397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01129-9","article-title":"Lithium as a neuroprotective agent for bipolar disorder: An overview","volume":"42","author":"Ochoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"},{"key":"11","first-page":"2627\u201339","article-title":"Metal complexes as a promising source for new antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Angelo Frei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemical Science"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16004\u2013033","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT02478C","article-title":"What is holding back the development of antiviral metallodrugs? A literature overview and implications for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and future viral outbreaks","volume":"49","author":"Paiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00170","article-title":"Titanium\u2013tissue interface reaction and its control with surface treatment","volume":"7","author":"Hanawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3628\u201334","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100555","article-title":"Recent advances on carbon monoxide releasing molecules for antibacterial applications","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemMedChem."},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6335","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt12247b","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of metal-based antimalarial agents: implications for the mechanism of action","volume":"41","author":"Biot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29566-0","article-title":"Structure of the active pharmaceutical ingredient bismuth subsalicylate","volume":"13","author":"Svensson Grape","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Commun"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15237H","article-title":"The golden age: Gold nanoparticles for biomedicine","volume":"41","author":"Dreaden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3531","article-title":"Technetium\u201099m radiochemistry for pharmaceutical applications","volume":"60","author":"Papagiannopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833\u201347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.2c00346","article-title":"Targeted contrast agents for magnetic resonance molecular imaging of cancer","volume":"55","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Inorganic Chemistry"],"original-title":["Inorganic chemistry in medicine"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T09:50:21Z","timestamp":1760089821000},"score":17.937567,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.001.0001\/isbn-9780198866916-book-part-36"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"ISBN":["9780198866916"],"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0036","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:31:29Z","timestamp":1715743889730},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198557982","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191993404","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,19]]},"abstract":"
This chapter explores some recent developments in inorganic materials chemistry. Many of these have come in the area of new materials. The chemistry of high temperature superconducting phases, in terms of the synthesis and structure of these compounds, lies within the area of this text. More recently, the structural chemistry of C60<\/sub> in its ionic compounds is also relevant, though the chemistry of this species is developing rapidly in many areas. Consideration of several superconducting systems shows two features in common. They all contain planes of the stoichiometry CuO2<\/sub> formed by linking CuO4<\/sub> square planes at all vertices, and they all have an average copper oxidation state in excess of 2+. The chapter then looks at the structural chemistry of fullerenes and fullerides.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.003.0008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T12:55:19Z","timestamp":1694782519000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Some recent developments in inorganic materials chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Inorganic Materials Chemistry"],"original-title":["Some recent developments in inorganic materials chemistry"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.001.0001\/isbn-9780198557982-book-part-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:39:17Z","timestamp":1707208757000},"score":17.878435,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.001.0001\/isbn-9780198557982-book-part-8"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,19]]},"ISBN":["9780198557982","9780191993404"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.003.0008","published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T10:10:18Z","timestamp":1760091018682,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198866916"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"abstract":" This chapter covers various methods used to investigate the structure and properties of inorganic compounds. Diffraction techniques, such as X-ray and neutron diffraction, are essential for determining molecular structures and crystal lattices. Absorption and emission spectroscopies, including UV-visible and infrared, offer insights into electronic structures and vibrational behaviours. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are employed to study electron environments and magnetic properties. Ionisation-based techniques, like mass spectrometry and photoelectron spectroscopy, help identify atomic composition and electronic states. Chemical analysis methods, including atomic absorption spectroscopy and thermal analysis, assist in examining elemental composition. Finally, magnetometry and electrochemical techniques assess magnetic properties and reactions, while microscopy techniques, such as scanning probe and electron microscopy, visualise structures at the atomic level.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198866916.003.0009","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1759923822000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical techniques in inorganic chemistry"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fraser","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Overton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780199654413.001.0001","volume-title":"Characterisation Methods in Inorganic Chemistry","author":"Weller","year":"2017"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198559498.001.0001","volume-title":"Inorganic Spectroscopic Methods","author":"Brisdon","year":"1998"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557968.001.0001","volume-title":"Chemical Instrumentation","author":"Wayne","year":"1994"},{"volume-title":"Principles of Instrumental Analysis","year":"1997","author":"Skoog","key":"4"},{"volume-title":"Physical Methods for Chemists","year":"1992","author":"Drago","key":"5"},{"key":"6","volume-title":"Chemical Analysis: Modern Instrumentation and Techniques","author":"Rouessac","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"volume-title":"X-Ray Diffraction: Its Theory and Applications","year":"2004","author":"Chatterjee","key":"7"},{"volume-title":"Elements of X-Ray Diffraction","year":"2003","author":"Cullity","key":"8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199298624.001.0001","volume-title":"Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids. 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The synthesis methods used in the preparation of inorganic materials, many of which have extended lattices rather than discrete molecules, are quite different from those used by organic, organometallic, and coordination chemists. Rather than altering a single functional group or ligand attached to a molecule, the materials chemist works with complete lattices, either building or modifying them. The chapter begins by looking at high temperature reactions. The most widely used method for the synthesis of inorganic materials follows an almost universal route that involves heating the components together at high temperature over an extended period. The chapter then details the process of the reaction between solids, before studying the precursor, solution, and gel methods. It also assesses hydrothermal methods, phase diagrams, and low temperature methods.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.003.0003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T07:19:25Z","timestamp":1694762365000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The synthesis of inorganic materials"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mark T.","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"container-title":["Inorganic Materials Chemistry"],"original-title":["The synthesis of inorganic materials"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/display\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.001.0001\/isbn-9780198557982-book-part-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T08:39:14Z","timestamp":1707208754000},"score":17.151081,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.oxfordsciencetrove.com\/view\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.001.0001\/isbn-9780198557982-book-part-3"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,19]]},"ISBN":["9780198557982","9780191993404"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hesc\/9780198557982.003.0003","published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,19]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T03:37:15Z","timestamp":1715744235671},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780199654413","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"abstract":" This chapter discusses the fundamental aspects of characterization methods in inorganic chemistry. While not all of the techniques described in this book use the electromagnetic spectrum as a probe of the structures of inorganic molecules and materials, four of the main physical methods \u2014 NMR spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy \u2014 all employ light of a specific range of wavelengths. Other less commonly employed techniques, such as M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy, also use portions of the electromagnetic spectrum covering the energy range from gamma rays, with wavelengths of a few picometres, to microwaves, with wavelengths of centimetres to metres. Because the full electromagnetic spectrum is employed to characterize inorganic compounds, the data obtained covers a very large wavelength and, therefore, energy range. 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The non-metals studied here are phosphorus and sulfur. The chapter cites other elements which are important to drug development, drug action, and delivery. The chapter analyzes the chemical properties of an element and its biological function and refers to transition metal ions which are found in biological systems and precious metals which are found in drugs. 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