Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not currently considered part of conventional medicine. If a non-mainstream practice is used together with conventional medicine, it is considered \u201ccomplementary.\u201d If a non-mainstream practice is used in place of conventional medicine, it is considered \u201calternative.\u201d Many patients use CAM approaches to their care. Often, patients do not disclose what methods they are using, and providers may have little knowledge of the effects of alternative medications. Interactions with antiretroviral therapy and other medications are important to the care of the patient. Physicians need to routinely ask about CAM use, particularly herbal medicines and supplements.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190493097.003.0014","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T15:36:38Z","timestamp":1490974598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Complementary and Alternative Medicine\/Integrative Medicine Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Kalpana D.","family":"Shere-Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Medicine Online"],"original-title":["Complementary and Alternative Medicine\/Integrative Medicine Approaches"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:27:55Z","timestamp":1659490075000},"score":7.149971,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/24776\/chapter\/188359537"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780190493097.003.0014","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T04:43:23Z","timestamp":1659501803392},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"
The proper education of a doctor must not be restricted to the sciences but rather must include study of the humanities and the social sciences. This is best achieved by having an interactive and physically integrally located medical school. Not only must medicine be based on modern biology, a biology education is also essential for all college undergraduates. One cannot consider genetic engineering if one does not understand what a gene is and how it is controlled. Unique to medical education are the places of medical practice. Besides providing a site of learning, the teaching hospital must provide excellent patient care and be responsive to the surrounding community. The university must embrace these other goals. Society should provide high quality health care for all. This cannot be achieved if only the lowest cost is the goal. While resources are limited, economic efficiency cannot be the only parameter.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190650551.003.0003","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T13:54:30Z","timestamp":1511186070000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Academic Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Medicine Online"],"original-title":["Academic Medicine"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:30:50Z","timestamp":1659490250000},"score":7.130996,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/24790\/chapter\/188376388"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780190650551.003.0003","published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T16:26:43Z","timestamp":1649003203942},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Decker Medicine","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicine: Cardiovascular Medicine"],"abstract":" Life near the end of life will mean different things to different people. For some patients, the priority may be length of life, but for many patients \u2018life\u2019 may mean something completely different; for example, the ability to put their affairs in order, plan a \u2018healthy death\u2019, or to achieve something important which has resonance specifically to them. Patients will have highly individual goals and priorities. Without information about their condition, their treatment options and possible outcomes, patients cannot make informed choices\/decisions about how\/where they might want to live in the last phase of their lives. The following chapter looks at prognostication tools and describes a \u2018toolkit\u2019 applicable to any healthcare setting, to facilitate and promote communication when patients are thought to be nearing the end of life. Within the chapter there are examples of the toolkit in action.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198736134.003.0049","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T13:56:34Z","timestamp":1491227794000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Palliative medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pease","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Medicine Online"],"original-title":["Palliative medicine"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T17:33:55Z","timestamp":1659461635000},"score":7.1175203,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/31733\/chapter\/265548960"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780198736134.003.0049","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T09:39:11Z","timestamp":1648633151437},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Decker Medicine","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicine: Cardiovascular Medicine"],"abstract":" There has been persistent growth in the professional pain management specialists, principally in paediatrics, neurology, rehabilitation medicine, as well as anaesthesia. The same growth has been seen in other healthcare professions. In this chapter of War creates the perfect setting for health crises. Militaries are ideal disease vectors, transporting germs to new lands and vulnerable people both in and out of uniform. Soldiers living in close quarters and poor conditions, from ancient wars to modern conflicts, have suffered from diarrheal diseases, skin infections, and infectious diseases. Wars have created public health problems, from the Plague of Athens in the early fifth century bce to the spread of sexually transmitted infections during the 20th-century world wars. Seizing the opportunity for research, physicians tackled long-standing public health crises\u2014such as yellow fever in late-19th-century Cuba\u2014as militaries worked to protect their fighting forces. Soldiers, contractually obligated to their governments, also make convenient test subjects, and doctors have used these bodies to shape ideas about intelligence, racial categorization, and preferential physiques. Such studies, performed on the bodies of soldiers, helped to spur mainline acceptance of eugenics and race science. As military technology advanced, so did the damage that weapons created, evidenced by the devastating wounds inflicted by mini\u00e9 balls during the US Civil War, the lower-body injuries of improvised explosive devices, and debilitating stress ailments of drone operators. Yet, however destructive, wars have also acted as catalysts for medical advancement, serving as bloody training grounds for anatomical study, the development of surgical techniques and treatments, and the development of professional standards. Damage caused by combat does not resolve when war ends, leaving disabled veterans and civilians to fight for recognition and government support. The history of military medicine has not always been distinct from the history of medicine, but rather is deeply intertwined with it. In the early twentieth century, as the history of medicine emerged as a profession, military medicine as a subfield began to appear as Fielding Garrison, the first president of the Association for the History of Medicine, delivered a series of lectures at the Carlisle Barracks that later became the core of his Notes on the History of Military Medicine (cited under General Overviews). Yet distinct histories of military medicine were slow to emerge. Today, many useful histories exist, written by clinician-historians, veterans, and historians. In recent years, the field has broadened to include the experiences of women practitioners and disabled veterans.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780197768723-0045","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T12:57:23Z","timestamp":1744808243000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Military Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Handley-Cousins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"container-title":["History of Medicine"],"original-title":["Military Medicine"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T12:57:23Z","timestamp":1744808243000},"score":7.0411906,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780197768723\/obo-9780197768723-0045.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"ISBN":["9780197768723"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780197768723-0045","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:47:41Z","timestamp":1764308861152},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychosomatic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,9]]},"DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198609000-00002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T05:17:05Z","timestamp":1399353425000},"page":"466-479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Psychosomatic medicine, behavioral medicine, just plain medicine."],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"B T","family":"Engel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"276","container-title":["Psychosomatic Medicine"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006842-198609000-00002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T01:38:09Z","timestamp":1623807489000},"score":7.039783,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00006842-198609000-00002"}},"subtitle":[""],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-198609000-00002","ISSN":["0033-3174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3174","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,9]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T21:19:32Z","timestamp":1648502372976},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Decker Medicine","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicine"],"abstract":" This essay traces the development of professional medicine and medical philanthropy over more than two millennia. It attempts to provide some understanding of how traditional medical care took shape and how religion came to play an essential supporting role in the healing process before it gave way to cultural shifts and scientific and technological advancements that in the last two centuries have largely eliminated spiritual values from medicine. I shall argue that the elimination of religion and the growth of professionalization in all areas of medicine have unintentionally weakened the element of compassion in patient care. As a result the healing process has been transformed in a way that our ancestors of even three or four generations ago would hardly have recognized it.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190272432.003.0019","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T09:45:50Z","timestamp":1495705550000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Medicine and Spirituality"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Gary B.","family":"Ferngren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Medicine Online"],"original-title":["Medicine and Spirituality"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T01:24:30Z","timestamp":1659489870000},"score":7.0159135,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/24624\/chapter\/187948967"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780190272432.003.0019","published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T18:13:51Z","timestamp":1657044831559},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":" The application of nuclear medicine techniques in the diagnosis and management of rheumatological conditions relies on its ability to detect physiological and pathological changes in vivo, usually at an earlier stage compared to structural changes visualized on conventional imaging. These techniques are based on the in-vivo administration of a gamma-emitting radionuclide whose distribution can be monitored externally using a gamma camera. To guide a radionuclide to the area of interest, it is usually bound to a chemical label to form a 'radiopharmaceutical'. There are hundreds of radiopharmaceuticals in clinical use with different 'homing' mechanisms, such as 99 mTc HDP for bone scan and 99 mTc MAA for lung scan. Comparing pre- and posttherapy scans can aid in monitoring response to treatment.\nMore recently, positron emission tomography combined with simultaneous computed tomography (PET\/CT) has been introduced into clinical practice. This technique provides superb spatial resolution and anatomical localization compared to gamma-camera imaging. The most widely used PET radiopharmaceutical, flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), is a fluorinated glucose analogue, which can detect hypermetabolism and has therefore been used in imaging and monitoring response to treatment of a variety of cancers as well as inflammatory conditions such as vasculitis, myopathy, and arthritides. Other PET radiopharmaceuticals targeting inflammation and activated macrophages are becoming available and could open new frontiers in PET imaging in rheumatology.\nNuclear medicine procedures can also be used therapeutically. Beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, such as yttrium-90, invoke localized tissue damage at the site of injection and can be used in the treatment of synovitis.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199642489.003.0070","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T15:13:26Z","timestamp":1392131606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nuclear medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Adil","family":"Al-Nahhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imene","family":"Zerizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Medicine Online"],"original-title":["Nuclear medicine"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T17:52:53Z","timestamp":1657043573000},"score":7.0159135,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.oxfordmedicine.com\/view\/10.1093\/med\/9780199642489.001.0001\/med-9780199642489-chapter-70"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med\/9780199642489.003.0070","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:35:23Z","timestamp":1649032523705},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Decker Medicine","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicine"],"abstract":"