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New York: Berghahn Books, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Myth and Memory in the Construction of Community: Historical Patterns in Europe and Beyond","author":"Str\u00e5th Bo.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Str\u00e5th, Bo. \u201cPoverty, Neutrality and Welfare: Three Key Concepts in the Modern Foundation Myth of Sweden.\u201d In Myth and Memory in the Construction of Community: Historical Patterns in Europe and Beyond, edited by Bo Str\u00e5th, 375\u2013402. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/9789048514717-008","volume-title":"Caught in the Middle","author":"Sturfelt Lina.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sturfelt, Lina. \u201cFrom Parasite to Angel: Narratives of Neutrality in the Swedish Popular Press During the First World War.\u201d In Caught in the Middle, edited by Johan den Hertog and Samu\u00ebl Kruizinga, 105\u2013120. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","volume-title":"Tysk p\u00e5verkan p\u00e5 svensk civilr\u00e4ttsdoktrin 1870\u20131914","author":"Sundell Jan-Olof.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sundell, Jan-Olof. Tysk p\u00e5verkan p\u00e5 svensk civilr\u00e4ttsdoktrin 1870\u20131914. Stockholm: Nordiska bokhandeln, 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-6298(92)90048-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004507357"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/johs.12390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","volume-title":"Parlamentarismen i Sverige: utveckling och utformning till 1945","author":"von Sydow Bj\u00f6rn.","year":"1997","unstructured":"von Sydow, Bj\u00f6rn. Parlamentarismen i Sverige: utveckling och utformning till 1945. M\u00f6klinta: Gidlunds f\u00f6rlag, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","volume-title":"Svensk-tyska f\u00f6rbindelser kring sekelskiftet 1900: Politik och ekonomi vid tillkomsten av 1906 \u00e5rs svensk-tyska handels- och sj\u00f6fartstraktat","author":"Werner Yvonne-Maria.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Werner, Yvonne-Maria. Svensk-tyska f\u00f6rbindelser kring sekelskiftet 1900: Politik och ekonomi vid tillkomsten av 1906 \u00e5rs svensk-tyska handels- och sj\u00f6fartstraktat. Lund: Lund University Press, 1989."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","volume-title":"Svenska s\u00e4kerhetsstrategier: 1810\u20132014","author":"Westberg Jacob.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Westberg, Jacob. Svenska s\u00e4kerhetsstrategier: 1810\u20132014. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","volume-title":"A Duel of Nations: Germany, France and the Diplomacy of the War 1870\u20131871","author":"Wetzel David.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wetzel, David. A Duel of Nations: Germany, France and the Diplomacy of the War 1870\u20131871. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012."}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of History"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/03468755.2025.2609422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T07:06:58Z","timestamp":1767683218000},"score":23.955278,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03468755.2025.2609422"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1080\/03468755.2025.2609422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03468755.2025.2609422","ISSN":["0346-8755","1502-7716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0346-8755","type":"print"},{"value":"1502-7716","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=shis20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=shis20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T13:09:18Z","timestamp":1726492158714},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NOWELE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1075\/nowele.46-47.06faa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]],"date-time":"2014-02-27T11:36:26Z","timestamp":1393500986000},"page":"53-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Clitic to Affix"],"prefix":"10.1075","volume":"46-47","author":[{"given":"Jan Terje","family":"Faarlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"container-title":["NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution","NOWELE \/ North-Western European Language Evolution","NOWELE"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jbe-platform.com\/deliver\/fulltext\/nowele.46-47.06faa.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T20:00:36Z","timestamp":1603051236000},"score":23.816954,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jbe-platform.com\/content\/journals\/10.1075\/nowele.46-47.06faa"}},"subtitle":["On the History of Scandinavian Reflexive Verbs"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"references-count":0,"issue-title":["NOWELE Volume 46\/47 (June 2005)"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/nowele.46-47.06faa","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0108-8416","2212-9715"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0108-8416"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2212-9715"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T13:09:18Z","timestamp":1726492158612},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NOWELE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1075\/nowele.46-47.04bre","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]],"date-time":"2014-02-27T06:36:26Z","timestamp":1393482986000},"page":"31-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Old Frisian fule<\/i> and felo<\/i> \"Much; Many\""],"prefix":"10.1075","volume":"46-47","author":[{"given":"Rolf H.","family":"Bremmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"container-title":["NOWELE. 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The traditional North Germanic dialects are spoken in the geographical area of Scandinavia, located in the northernmost part of Europe and the North Atlantic area. Linguistically, they form a dialect continuum with similar linguistic characteristics beyond national borders. Typologically, the North Germanic dialects are usually divided into a group of mainland varieties (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, including Finland Swedish) and insular varieties (Icelandic and Faroese) and, again, in various subcategories. In the early 21st century, people outside of Scandinavia often regard the area as rather uniform, not at least politically and culturally. Contrarily, its language varieties coexist with both mutually intelligible and unintelligible varieties, as they originate from different language families: Indo-European language, including the North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages (Finnish), Uralic languages (the S\u00e1mi languages in northern Scandinavia), and Inuit languages (Greenlandic).<\/p>\n

In Scandinavia, or Norden<\/italic> as the Scandinavians usually call the area, the North Germanic varieties are usually referred to as Nordic<\/italic> (nordisk<\/italic>), including both mainland and insular varieties. The term is also included in Old Nordic<\/italic>, the common Scandinavian language used in the entire area from around 200 ce<\/sc> and until the geographical determined distinctions between the states\u2019 languages increased around the Early Middle Ages, 1200\u20131350 ce<\/sc>. From then on, the first signs of a geographical distribution of phonological, morpho-phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical differences and similarities could be attested in the first written sources. Thus, the North Germanic varieties often have complex developmental histories that may explain the geographical distribution of linguistic features in the area. For example, the geographical distribution of the marking of definiteness in the mainland North Germanic varieties is divided into a coherent area of varieties where definiteness is marked by a suffix (Swedish mannen<\/italic> \u2018the man\u2019) and an area in which definiteness is marked by a free lexeme, like in the West Germanic varieties (West and Southern Jutlandic \u00e6 mand<\/italic> \u2018the man\u2019).<\/p>\n

The term dialect<\/italic> refers to a geographical variety of a language that contains linguistic features differing from the national standard variety regarding pronunciation, grammar, and lexicon. For North Germanic dialects, the definition is further limited to the sovereign countries in which they are spoken. This means that the definition\u2014and the classification of the dialects\u2014are nationally, rather than linguistically, motivated. For example, Scanian is defined as a South Swedish dialect, and Bornholmian, as a Danish dialect; however, they share linguistic similarities in pronunciation, grammar, and lexicon that might suggest a different classification. Dialect geography, likely the oldest branch of dialectology, attempts to visualize these similarities and differences using geolinguistic maps that illustrate the remarkable genealogical and typological connectedness in Scandinavia.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.1035","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T23:54:17Z","timestamp":1747612457000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["North Germanic Dialects"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Inger","family":"Schoonderbeek Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"container-title":["Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics"],"original-title":["North Germanic Dialects"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T03:53:13Z","timestamp":1752637993000},"score":23.5683,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordre.com\/linguistics\/view\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.001.0001\/acrefore-9780199384655-e-1035"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"ISBN":["9780199384655"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.1035","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:10:14Z","timestamp":1724803814421},"publisher-location":"Turnhout, Belgium","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Brepols Publishers","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9782503584577"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9782503584584"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1484\/m.tmt-eb.5.135573","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T13:56:49Z","timestamp":1689775009000},"page":"373-584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continental Germanic and Scandinavian Glossaries"],"prefix":"10.1484","member":"7597","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"container-title":["The Medieval Translator","Medieval Glossaries from North-Western Europe"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T07:27:13Z","timestamp":1724743633000},"score":23.56435,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.brepolsonline.net\/doi\/10.1484\/M.TMT-EB.5.135573"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"ISBN":["9782503584577","9782503584584"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.1484\/M.TMT-EB.5.135573","10.1484\/tmt-eb","10.1484\/M.TMT-EB.5.117294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1484\/m.tmt-eb.5.135573","ISSN":["1293-8750","2566-0292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1293-8750"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2566-0292"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T13:08:36Z","timestamp":1726492116886},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NOWELE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"DOI":"10.1075\/nowele.31-32.03bar","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,27]],"date-time":"2014-02-27T06:36:26Z","timestamp":1393482986000},"page":"29-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["How 'Common' Was Common Scandinavian?"],"prefix":"10.1075","volume":"31-32","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Barnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1757","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"container-title":["NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution","NOWELE \/ North-Western European Language Evolution","NOWELE"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jbe-platform.com\/deliver\/fulltext\/nowele.31-32.03bar.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,18]],"date-time":"2020-10-18T15:46:27Z","timestamp":1603035987000},"score":23.481955,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jbe-platform.com\/content\/journals\/10.1075\/nowele.31-32.03bar"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]},"references-count":0,"issue-title":["NOWELE Volume 31\/32 (November 1997)"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/nowele.31-32.03bar","archive":["Portico"],"ISSN":["0108-8416","2212-9715"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0108-8416"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2212-9715"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,11,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T05:19:56Z","timestamp":1733462396103,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/benjamins.com\/content\/customers\/rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NOWELE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n I discuss an analysis of changes in the Scandinavian runic alphabet, or futhark, by J\u00f8rgen Rischel (1966)<\/jats:xref>. Rischel\u2019s article accounts for some puzzling changes in the futhark by employing\n contrastive feature hierarchies represented as branching trees. Feature hierarchies can be traced back to the work of Roman\n Jakobson and his colleagues. They enjoyed a brief period of prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, but then disappeared from\n mainstream phonological theory. However, they were employed in a number of interesting studies of Germanic and other languages\n whose insights we can still profit from today. The goal of this paper is to bring attention to this largely forgotten approach to\n phonological analysis, and to spell out the principles that underlie it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1075\/nowele.00088.dre","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T14:06:43Z","timestamp":1733234803000},"page":"145-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contrastive feature hierarchies and\u00a0Germanic phonology"],"prefix":"10.1075","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-7616","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B. 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