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The author draws from the California experience, where agency shop legislation has been in effect for several years, and examines relevant decisions of various courts and boards. The relationship between agency shop and a union's legal obligation to represent both union members and non-members is explored as the legal and ethical basis for agency shop legislation. General exceptions to the payment of agency shop fees, including the often misunderstood religious exemption, are reviewed, as are the uses to which a union may put any such money which it collects. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009102608601500207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:24:49Z","timestamp":1437416689000},"page":"171-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agency Shop in Public Employment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"R. 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This paper describes the problems that arise in standardized employment testing, especially for visually impaired and hearing impaired persons. Solutions are proposed for these problems wherever possible. For visually impaired persons, the majority of the problems arise from the need to present test questions in an appropriate medium (e.g., braille) and to adjust time limits accordingly. Among hearing impaired persons, those who are profoundly, prelingually deaf tend to perform poorly on verbal tests. 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Stewart, Managing the Poor Performer (Gower, 1982)."}],"container-title":["Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-1-349-20137-2_14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T17:42:12Z","timestamp":1559238132000},"score":30.514265,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-349-20137-2_14"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989]]},"ISBN":["9780333487808","9781349201372"],"references-count":1,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-349-20137-2_14","published":{"date-parts":[[1989]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:42:58Z","timestamp":1774330978302,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,12,1]],"date-time":"1981-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":376012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,12]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/009102608101000406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:15:58Z","timestamp":1437416158000},"page":"384-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Special Employment Issues for Asian Americans"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Morishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Higher Education University of Washington"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,12,1]]},"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102608101000406","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102608101000406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T19:18:02Z","timestamp":1741029482000},"score":30.369465,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102608101000406"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102608101000406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102608101000406","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0260","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7421","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:48:02Z","timestamp":1741067282293,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Affirmative action, one of the most significant public policies of the 20th century, can be seen as an attempt to establish a more \u201cinclusive moral convention,\u201d<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup> which aims at achieving fairness and equality for all members of society. In such a society everyone has the ability to compete for its goods and benefits.<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> Attempting to create a society, workplaces, and educational institutions in which individuals or groups are not stigmatized or excluded from opportunities on the basis of race\/ethnicity or gender can be seen as the ethical foundation of affirmative action.<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> The moral basis for affirmative action is found in the tradition of American public administration, anti-discrimination laws, and the principles of organizational justice.<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup> To public personnel practitioners, affirmative action has ethical significance from a variety of viewpoints, particularly as it relates to the \u201cmerit controversy\u201d and organizational justice issues. <\/jats:p><jats:p> This article argues that affirmative action (AA) is as much a moral issue as it is an anti-discriminatory measure. The focus of this article is to examine the ethical aspects of AA rather than to discuss the anti-discrimination principles of AA as embodied in the Constitution, statutes, and legal precedents. Today, the increased national sensitivity to the rights of minorities does not rely on the moral imperatives that should underlie such a debate, but, rather, the fear of litigation or so-called \u201cpolitical correctness.\u201d Viewing AA from a purely legal perspective reduces it to an adversarial proposition with winners and losers. Furthermore, the doctrine of legal protection does not always discourage discriminatory behaviors. In spite of the available legal remedies, discrimination is often under-reported due to reasons such as fear of retaliation, complexities of the legal system, difficulty in supplying the necessary proof, and the psychological and financial costs involved.<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> Focusing attention on the ethical principles of affirmative action divert attention from contentious legal issues and reinforce its fundamental purpose. In addition, an ethical perspective can also help counter the backlash and resentment toward AA policies within organizations.<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009102609902800407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1437425183000},"page":"577-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Morality vs. Mandate: Affirmative Action in Employment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Vidu","family":"Soni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102609902800407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102609902800407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T17:25:51Z","timestamp":1741022751000},"score":30.304825,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102609902800407"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102609902800407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102609902800407","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0091-0260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7421"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:43:17Z","timestamp":1740980597519,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,6,1]],"date-time":"1992-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":707356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Under the right conditions, pre-employment tests can vastly improve corporate productivity. This paper discusses the conditions, expected productivity gains, and issues associated with pre-employment testing. Special attention is paid to issues of bias, legal rulings, validity generalization, exaggerated expectations, test quality, misuse of tests, publishers' claims, alternative assessment techniques, and the use of honesty tests. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009102609202100202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:38:18Z","timestamp":1437417498000},"page":"133-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pre-Employment Testing and Employee Productivity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Rudner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,6,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Standards for Education and Psychological Tests and Manuals","year":"1974","author":"American Psychological Association","key":"bibr1-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals","year":"1986","author":"American Psychological Association","key":"bibr2-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr3-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.4.736"},{"key":"bibr4-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1972.tb01102.x"},{"key":"bibr5-009102609202100202","volume":"37","author":"Bean E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"volume-title":"Formative years of business: A long term study of managerial lives","year":"1974","author":"Bray D.W.","key":"bibr6-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr7-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(88)90042-5"},{"key":"bibr8-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1949.tb01397.x"},{"key":"bibr9-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogden H.E. (1951). Increased efficiency of selection resulting from placement of a single predictor with several different predictors, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 173\u2013195.","DOI":"10.1177\/001316445101100201"},{"key":"bibr10-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009102608000900107"},{"volume-title":"Essentials of Psychological Testing","year":"1984","author":"Cronbach L.J.","key":"bibr11-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr12-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009102608401300401"},{"key":"bibr13-009102609202100202","unstructured":"Deutsch C.H. (1988). A mania for testing spells money, New York Times, October 16, p. 4."},{"key":"bibr14-009102609202100202","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology","author":"Dunnette M.D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr15-009102609202100202","first-page":"116","volume":"43","author":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","year":"1978","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"bibr16-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.33.7.671"},{"volume-title":"Taxonomies of human performance","year":"1984","author":"Fleishman E.","key":"bibr17-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr18-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1973.tb01150.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr19-009102609202100202","first-page":"295","volume":"31","author":"Gottfredson L.S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"bibr20-009102609202100202","unstructured":"Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971), 401 U.S. 424."},{"volume-title":"Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery","year":"1989","author":"Hartigan J.A.","key":"bibr21-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Validity Generalization for 12,000 Jobs: An application of synthetic validity and validity generalization to the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)","year":"1980","author":"Hunter J.E.","key":"bibr22-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"The economic benefits of personnel selection using ability tests: A state of the art review including a detailed analysis of the dollar benefit of U.S. employment service placements and a critique of the low-cutoff method of test use","year":"1983","author":"Hunter J.E.","key":"bibr23-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Human Performance and Productivity: Vol. 1 Human Capability Assessment","year":"1982","author":"Hunter J.E.","key":"bibr24-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr25-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.38.4.473"},{"volume-title":"Bias in Mental Testing","year":"1980","author":"Jensen A.R.","key":"bibr26-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Code of Fair Testing Practices","author":"Joint Committee on Testing Practices","key":"bibr27-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Test Critiques","year":"1985","author":"Keyser D.J.","key":"bibr28-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr29-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2502-1_10"},{"key":"bibr30-009102609202100202","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies, part II","author":"Linn R.L.","year":"1982"},{"volume-title":"Performance Assessment: Methods and Applications","year":"1986","author":"Linn R.L.","key":"bibr31-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr32-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1964.tb00065.x"},{"volume-title":"Job analysis: Methods and Applications","year":"1979","author":"McCormick E.","key":"bibr33-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Tests in Print III (TIP III): An Index to Tests, Test Reviews, and the Literature on Specific Tests","year":"1983","author":"Mitchell J.V.","key":"bibr34-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"The Ninth Mental Measurement Yearbook","year":"1986","author":"Mitchell J.V.","key":"bibr35-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology","year":"1976","author":"Owens W.A.","key":"bibr36-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr37-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1982.tb02184.x"},{"volume-title":"Memorandum to the Director of the U.S. Employment Service","year":"1986","author":"Reynolds W.B.","key":"bibr38-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr39-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1985.tb00565.x"},{"key":"bibr40-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.36.10.1128"},{"key":"bibr41-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.66.2.166"},{"key":"bibr42-009102609202100202","first-page":"333","volume":"35","author":"Schmidt F.L.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Assessing the economic impact of personnel programs on work force productivity"},{"key":"bibr43-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(88)90043-7"},{"key":"bibr44-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(88)90039-5"},{"volume-title":"Principles for the validation and use of personnel selection procedures","year":"1987","author":"Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology","key":"bibr45-009102609202100202"},{"key":"bibr46-009102609202100202","volume-title":"Tests: A Comprehensive Reference for Assessments in Psychology, Educaiton, and Business","author":"Sweetland R.C.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr47-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057079"},{"key":"bibr48-009102609202100202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1949.tb01669.x"},{"volume-title":"Interim Report: Within Group Scoring of the General Aptitude Test Battery","year":"1988","author":"Wigdor A.K.","key":"bibr49-009102609202100202"},{"volume-title":"Validity of the Wonderlic Personnel Test","year":"1982","author":"Wonderlic &amp; Associates","key":"bibr50-009102609202100202"}],"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102609202100202","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102609202100202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T14:27:20Z","timestamp":1740925640000},"score":30.242657,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102609202100202"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102609202100202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102609202100202","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0091-0260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7421"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:42:17Z","timestamp":1741153337908,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1975,1,1]],"date-time":"1975-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":157766400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> \u201cMost popular reading for adults is at the 10th grade level or below. Best selling novels are often at the 5th or 6th grade reading level\u2026 . Best selling nonfiction is only slightly more difficult, and Time magazine is at the 10th grade level. But how difficult should a test be?\u201d <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009102607500400102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:09:13Z","timestamp":1437415753000},"page":"18-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Unnecessary Chore for Employment Applicants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1975,1,1]]},"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102607500400102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102607500400102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T17:08:31Z","timestamp":1741108111000},"score":30.213436,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102607500400102"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102607500400102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102607500400102","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0091-0260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7421"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:35:29Z","timestamp":1741152929609,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,5,1]],"date-time":"1976-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":199756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,5]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/009102607600500307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:10:52Z","timestamp":1437415852000},"page":"199-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adverse Impact in Employment Selection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Klinefelter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Thompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1976,5,1]]},"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102607600500307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102607600500307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T11:47:24Z","timestamp":1741088844000},"score":30.213112,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102607600500307"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102607600500307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102607600500307","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0091-0260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7421"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,5]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T05:58:07Z","timestamp":1740808687690,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> These are unprecedented times for public service workers and the unions that represent their interests. The largest of these unions is the 1.4 million-member American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), AFL-CIO. In recent years, AFSCME has been thrust into the role of defending sweeping attacks on public employees and public budgets at every level of government. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Throughout its 70-year history, AFSCME has waged effective battles that have enabled public employees to join the ranks of the middle class\u2014winning collective bargaining rights, facilitating the adoption of merit-based job performance systems, growing public employee pension plans, securing wage increases, and helping create a vibrant public sector that provides effective services to citizens and helps local economies realize their potential. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Today, much of the historic progress achieved by public workers is at risk. Ultimately, how successfully AFSCME and its fellow public unions meet five core challenges in the areas of privatization\u2014fiscal limits, civil service reform and pension reform\u2014will determine the future of America's public sector. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/009102600603500407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T20:55:10Z","timestamp":1437425710000},"page":"343-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The New Crisis of Public Service Employment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gerald W.","family":"McEntee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]]},"container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102600603500407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/009102600603500407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T22:08:47Z","timestamp":1740780527000},"score":29.985157,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/009102600603500407"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/009102600603500407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009102600603500407","ISSN":["0091-0260","1945-7421"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0091-0260"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7421"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:45:23Z","timestamp":1741067123807,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1978,3,1]],"date-time":"1978-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":257558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Public Personnel Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,3]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/009102607800700207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,20]],"date-time":"2015-07-20T18:12:28Z","timestamp":1437415948000},"page":"127-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Sherman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1978,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-009102607800700207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076342"},{"key":"bibr2-009102607800700207","unstructured":"Churchill Neil C., Shank John K. \u201cAffirmative Action and Guilt-Edged Goals\u201d, Harvard Business Review, 1976 (March-April), pp. 111\u2013116."},{"key":"bibr3-009102607800700207","unstructured":"Civil Rights Act of 1964. 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Employment security was often an implicit condition, diluted by rounds of public management reform and the global financial crisis (GFC), but retained in some form. Following reforms and downsizing in the 1990s in the Australian state of Queensland, unions redressed the implicit nature of employment security by institutionalizing it in formal policies, enforceable regulations, and collective agreements. The research focuses on policy changes under a government with a large electoral majority that was prepared to breach its electoral commitments, and the institutional arrangements in these employment policies and collective agreements. It highlights the power of government as both employer and legislator, and the potential fragility of the public service bargain when a government has the will to exercise that power. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0091026019851530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T09:37:33Z","timestamp":1559122653000},"page":"608-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Employment Security in Public Services: A Political and Industrial Contest Over the Institutionalization of Employment Security in the Queensland Public Service"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7692-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Colley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Appleton Institute, School of Business and Law, CQUniversity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Directive 17\/09: Early retirement, redundancy and retrenchment","year":"2009","author":"Attorney-General","key":"bibr1-0091026019851530"},{"key":"bibr2-0091026019851530","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2011.584391"},{"key":"bibr3-0091026019851530","unstructured":"Beattie P. 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(2013, September 16). An audit that we don\u2019t need. The Conversation. Retrieved from http:\/\/theconversation.com\/an-audit-that-we-dont-need-18046"},{"key":"bibr22-0091026019851530","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7494(00)00032-5"},{"journal-title":"Queensland Public Service","year":"1988","author":"Howatson R. J.","key":"bibr23-0091026019851530"},{"key":"bibr24-0091026019851530","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091026016663234"},{"key":"bibr25-0091026019851530","unstructured":"Hurst D. (2012a, January 19). Newman rules out post-election backflips. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.brisbanetimes.com.au\/queensland\/state-election-2012\/newman-rules-out-postelection-backflips-20120119-1q7m5.html"},{"key":"bibr26-0091026019851530","unstructured":"Hurst D. (2012b, July 4). Public service to protest job cuts. Brisbane Times. 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