Even the most cursory of glances at the history of boredom reveals that boredom has been a topic of immense discussion. That same glance also reveals that there is not just one kind of boredom. There is the fastidium of Seneca, the horror loci of Lucretius, and the religious boredom of acedia. There is the sadness and listlessness of tristesse and melancholy, the void of Pascal, and the emptiness of La Rochefoucauld and of 18th-century Versailles. There is the ennui of Mme Du Deffand, of Chateubriand\u2019s Ren\u00e9, and of Goethe\u2019s Werther. There is the despair of Schopenhauer, the monotony of factory workers, the empty time of leisure, the existential meaninglessness of Sartre\u2019s Roquentin, and the profound attunement of Heidegger. And, of course, there is the simple and democratic boredom of the rest of us\u2014that ubiquitous affective state that permeates and colors our everyday existence. The aim of this entry is to provide the reader with a philosophical map of the progression of the concept and experience of boredom throughout the Western tradition\u2014from antiquity to current work in Anglo-American philosophy. By focusing primarily on key philosophical works on boredom, but also often discussing important literary and scientific texts, the entry exposes the reader to the rich history of boredom and illustrates how the different manifestations of boredom\u2014idleness, horror loci, acedia, sloth, mal du si\u00e8cle, melancholy, ennui, monotony, and emptiness\u2014are grounded in the historical context in which they arise.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0419","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T07:20:46Z","timestamp":1629789646000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Boredom"],"prefix":"10.1093","member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Boredom"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:43:22Z","timestamp":1632426202000},"score":11.091866,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0419.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0419","published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T03:30:43Z","timestamp":1764041443314,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Korean philosophy presents basic and sweeping insights into the nature of human beings and their ways of communal life in society as well as the constitution of reality. Over the past two thousand years or so, it has been gradually developing on the Korean peninsula and its adjacent areas sandwiched by the Chinese landmass to the north and the Japanese archipelago to the south. For traditional Korean philosophers, philosophy and its actual practice in communal life typically go hand in hand. Korean Buddhism, Confucianism, and other philosophies are, by their very nature, practically oriented, regardless of any shortcomings they are occasionally perceived to have. The first philosophical thinking began in the Three Kingdoms Period. The period (57 ce to the seventh century ce) sees the beginning of recorded history in ancient Korea. These centuries saw the kingdoms of Paekche, Kogury\u014f, and Silla in incessant contention (as well as cooperation) with each other and China for the purpose of territorial conquest. The Korean states originally practiced shamanism or indigenous Korean beliefs (IKB for short). They gradually accepted first Confucianism and then Daoism as well as Buddhism transmitted through China, making the last the official state religion at the end of the period. In the eighth century, the three kingdoms were unified by Silla in alliance with Tang China. Silla was later taken over in 918 by the highly Buddhist Kory\u014f. Finally, the Neo-Confucian Chos\u014fn (1392\u20131910) ruled almost five hundred years before the modern period began. Accordingly, \u201cChos\u014fn Philosophy\u201d refers to the one actively sought from 1392 to the Kap\u2019o Reformation for modernization in 1894 toward the end of the dynasty. For the sake of classificatory convenience, \u201cmodern philosophy\u201d in Korea refers to the system of thoughts produced from Kap\u2019o Reformation to the beginning of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea (North Korea) (1948). All the philosophies generated since then and up to now will be regarded as contemporary philosophy. So here are the five types of Korean philosophy in its historical development: ancient philosophy, Kory\u014f philosophy, Chos\u014fn philosophy, modern philosophy, contemporary philosophy. This article employs the McCune-Reischauer Method (MR here after) for the Romanization of Korean characters but occasionally the Revised Romanization Method (RR hereafter) is used parenthetically.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0446","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:42:27Z","timestamp":1764038547000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Korean Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Halla","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Korean Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1764038548000},"score":11.087149,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0446.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0446","published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:28Z","timestamp":1714730248410},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Feminist perspectives in all academic disciplines are concerned with questions about the status of women. Feminists offer analyses of, and propose solutions for, the disadvantage suffered by women in many societies. They provide accounts of gender and gender roles, sexuality and sex, and femininity; they uncover whatever biases might be present in the presuppositions of a theory or line of inquiry. This entry is specifically concerned with feminist philosophy, broadly conceived, which involves approaching feminist questions and problems from a philosophical perspective, and looking at the traditional questions of philosophy so as to reveal possible sexist assumptions and to propose alternative nonsexist proposals.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0152","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feminist Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Tanesini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Feminist Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:24:22Z","timestamp":1632425062000},"score":11.082431,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0152.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0152","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T21:05:14Z","timestamp":1726434314595},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780195396577"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Legal philosophy is about the analytical and normative study of law and legal concepts. This includes questions of \u201cwhat is law?\u201d concerning the nature of law and fundamental questions about the law\u2019s reach and authority. Legal philosophers critique the standard assumptions made by many legal practitioners to move beyond doctrinal legal analysis to reveal new insights and how potential problems might be resolved. This article surveys the major approaches in legal philosophy, such as natural law theory, legal positivism, legal realism, the economic analysis of law, and alternative approaches. The entry then provides an overview of important issues in legal philosophy, such as adjudication, legal reasoning, and the philosophy of criminal law.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0176","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T16:39:16Z","timestamp":1392914356000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Legal Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Thom","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Legal Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T04:24:52Z","timestamp":1682137492000},"score":11.056242,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0176.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0176","published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:49Z","timestamp":1714730269940},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Japanese philosophy can be viewed, in a very simple way, as consisting of three historical phases: the classical thought, modern philosophy, and contemporary philosophy. In the first and classical phase, theoretical speculation in Japan is usually seen as a variation of East Asian intellectual tradition. Japanese thinkers from the seventh century to the eighteenth century used to work in this cultural sphere, which basically consists of Confucianism and Sinicized Buddhism, using classical Chinese for formal writing; they are by no means blind followers of Chinese thinkers, contributing to the development of philosophical speculation in the East Asian framework. During the Edo period (1603\u20131868), however, some thinkers started to depart from this framework by drawing either on the indigenous culture or on the knowledge of occidental civilization, which eventually led to the modernization, or Westernization, of Japanese society. The second, or modern, phase of Japanese philosophy began with the full-fledged introduction of Western philosophy during the Meiji period (1868\u20131912). As a result, there arose a theoretical task to synthesize Eastern and Western frameworks, and many pioneering works were produced in the first half of the twentieth century. The best-known modern Japanese philosopher is Nishida Kitar\u014d (b.\u00a01870\u2013d.\u00a01945). The Kyoto school of philosophy was formed through his influence, which shares the ambition to make \u201ccontributions to philosophy\u201d with the Eastern tradition\u2014especially Mahayana Buddhism\u2014in the background. However, the Kyoto school had fallen into disrepute in the mid-twentieth century when Japan underwent a tremendous social and cultural change. The third and contemporary phase of Japanese philosophy spans from the postwar reconstruction of Japan to the present, when eminent researchers gather in the University of Tokyo and lead philosophical studies under the framework either of analytic or continental context, mostly refraining from mentioning the Eastern tradition. Recent philosophical research in Japan is increasingly getting free from such academic frameworks, producing some remarkable results; however, most of these contemporary works remain little known overseas.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0370","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T08:13:57Z","timestamp":1532420037000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Japanese Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Tomomi","family":"Asakura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Japanese Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T04:25:18Z","timestamp":1687494318000},"score":11.04054,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0370.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0370","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:35Z","timestamp":1714730255840},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The philosophy of literature addresses the most fundamental questions about the nature of literature as an art. Some of these questions address the metaphysics and ontology of literary works: What, if anything, essentially distinguishes literary works of art (such as epics, novels, drama, and poetry) from other kinds of writings, such as scientific reports, historical treatises, religious texts, guides, and manuals, which may happen to be written in a literary manner? Also, what kinds of things are literary works of art that seem to exist over time in some way independently of any of their particular printed editions? Other questions address our ways of engaging with literature, such as: What norms govern our interpretation and understanding of such works? Is the meaning of a work fixed, or does it change with the changes in the contexts in which it is read? Can we have a genuine emotional response to the characters, events, and states of affairs represented in such works even when we believe that they are not real? Finally, some questions address the value of works of literature: Do they offer any distinctive form of knowledge or insight? Can their cognitive and moral merits and defects count as artistic merits and defects? Philosophy of literature is not alone in pursuing these questions, for literary history, criticism, and other modes of scholarship address these concerns, as do readers when they reflect on their own and others\u2019 practices of attending to works of art. However, the philosophical approach to literature, while often productively drawing on the empirical study and first-order analysis of literary works, tends to adopt a more systematic, theoretical, ahistorical, and foundational approach than commonly found in other fields. Also, while the philosophy of literature tends to address the nature of literature as an art, it has been profoundly shaped by work in other areas of philosophy far from aesthetics such as analytic metaphysics and philosophy of language, which since their inception have addressed such topics as the metaphysics of fictional characters. More recently, there has been an exciting cross-fertilization between philosophical approaches to literature and developments in cognitive science, particularly in areas devoted to the study of emotions and imagination.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0213","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,12]],"date-time":"2013-06-12T17:01:09Z","timestamp":1371056469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Literature"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:27:36Z","timestamp":1632425256000},"score":10.997126,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0213.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0213","published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:28Z","timestamp":1714730248012},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Philosophy of mathematics is arguably one of the oldest branches of philosophy, and one that bears significant connections with core philosophical areas, particularly metaphysics, epistemology, and (more recently) the philosophy of science. This entry focuses on contemporary developments, which have yielded novel approaches (such as new forms of Platonism and nominalism, structuralism, neo-Fregeanism, empiricism, and naturalism) as well as several new issues (such as the significance of the application of mathematics, the role of visualization in mathematical reasoning, particular attention to mathematical practice and to the nature of mathematical explanation). Excellent work has also been done on particular philosophical issues that arise in the context of specific branches of mathematics, such as algebra, analysis, and geometry, as well as particular mathematical theories, such as set theory and category theory. Due to limitations of space, this work goes beyond the scope of the present entry.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0069","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Mathematics"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ot\u00e1vio","family":"Bueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Mathematics"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:35:38Z","timestamp":1632425738000},"score":10.975755,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0069.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0069","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:46Z","timestamp":1714730266275},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Political philosophy is that branch of philosophy concerned with political morality and associated concepts. Dominant themes include justice, equality, liberty, democracy, rights, the distribution of resources, and political authority. This entry focuses on contemporary discussions and debates in political philosophy.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0091","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T18:19:56Z","timestamp":1329243596000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Political Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Keith","family":"Hyams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Shoikhedbrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Political Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:26:07Z","timestamp":1632425167000},"score":10.955869,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0091.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0091","published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T10:18:22Z","timestamp":1714731502032},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
In this entry, questions raised by pregnancy, abortion, and assisted reproductive technologies are set aside. A child is born. What philosophical questions and issues now arise? After a brief account of the historical context in which philosophical discussion of children and childhood emerged, works are grouped by the questions they seek to answer. Answers to these questions of course overlap. The questions include: What is the moral status of children and do children have full moral status? If so, is this possessed by all children? What kinds of rights and responsibilities do children have and what grounds them? What differentiates childhood from adulthood and are childhood and adulthood life stages of comparable value? Are there goods that make a childhood go well apart from its serving as adequate preparation for adulthood? How are parental rights and responsibilities acquired and what serves as the moral ground for them? What responsibilities do parents, nonparents, and the state have for children\u2019s care? How suddenly or gradually should children acquire the rights and responsibilities of adults and when should their autonomy be respected? Answers to these questions lead to a host of difficult bioethical questions about children\u2019s health and medical decision-making involving children. Some of the major bioethical topics connected to children\u2019s health are outlined. Finally, most philosophical discussion of children focuses on the value of children\u2019s lives to children and their parents. Another set of important works ask about broader social costs and benefits associated with children.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0435","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T06:24:54Z","timestamp":1676874294000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Mullin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Childhood"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T06:24:54Z","timestamp":1676874294000},"score":10.947079,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0435.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0435","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:55Z","timestamp":1714730275569},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The philosophy of religion became a recognizable subdiscipline in philosophy in the mid- to late 20th century, together with other notable subdisciplines such as the philosophy of science and the philosophy of language. Work in the philosophy of religion has always been present in the history of philosophy, but prior to the 20th century, it tended to be embedded in larger philosophical projects. By the mid-20th century, however, the process of specialization in philosophy led to an identifiable subfield with identifiable specialists in the area. This subfield can be roughly characterized in terms of its epistemological and metaphysical aspects. On the epistemological side are the various attempts to demonstrate or prove God\u2019s existence (e.g., the classic ontological, cosmological, and teleological arguments) or nonexistence (e.g., the problem of evil) and the discussions of what is required for an adequate demonstration or proof, and there are further discussions of whether a proof or demonstration is needed in order for belief in God to be rational or justified. Included in the latter area is the large question of the degree to which one\u2019s intellectual life ought to be guided by purely truth-related concerns or whether pragmatic concerns are legitimate factors in determining not only how to act but also what to think. On the metaphysical side are controversies about a proper conception of the nature of God, both about specific characteristics of God such as omnipotence, omniscience, simplicity, eternity, and moral perfection, and also about what general approach to the issue of the nature of God is appropriate (e.g., whether a process conception is preferable to a perfect being conception). There is also the question of God\u2019s relationship to the world, both in terms of creation and providential control, and the related issue of whether miracles are possible and whether it is ever reasonable to believe that one has occurred. Finally, there is the further question of the significance of religious language itself, whether sense can be made of talking about a being and realms of reality that are difficult to account for in terms of empirical acquaintance and, if so, exactly what precise account can be given of the content of such language.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0103","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Religion"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Kvanvig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Religion"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:34:51Z","timestamp":1632425691000},"score":10.943261,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0103.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0103","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:38Z","timestamp":1714730258534},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
For almost as long as there have been films, there have been philosophical theories about their art status, inherent realism, and distinctive aesthetic character. But philosophy of film did not become a unified field of study until the 1990s, the period in which analytic aesthetics generally began to pay more attention to the individual arts. Among the various philosophies of art, philosophy of film is distinguished by the degree to which it draws on a broader theoretical tradition. Many scholars in film studies are important contributors to philosophy of film. There is a particularly rich and productive collaboration between cognitive film theorists and philosophers on our engagement with films. In addition, some of the most influential views in the tradition of film theory influenced by psychoanalysis and semiotics have been subject to philosophical critique. It is important to note that philosophy of film is not the same thing as the increasingly popular practice of \u201cdoing philosophy\u201d with film\u2014using particular films to illustrate philosophical problems. There is some overlap, however, in interpretive work that also sheds light on distinctive features of the art form\u2014for example, on how film narration works. There is also overlap in the growing subfield of film as philosophy: with the use of particular films as case studies, authors develop general accounts of the way film, as a distinctive artistic medium, can prompt and sustain philosophical reflection. Work in this subfield involves careful analysis both of the nature of philosophical activity and the nature of film as an art. Given the relative youth of the field, there is still plenty of work to be done in philosophy of film. The focus so far has been on narrative fiction film, and so more work is needed on nonfiction film\u2014for example, documentary\u2014as well as on experimental film. The main topics currently pursued in philosophy of film are described below, but with more work on different kinds of film, as well as on specific film genres and filmmaking traditions, new topics will undoubtedly emerge. Another important source of growth and development in the field is reflection on the significance of technological changes in filmmaking. Most notably, the ongoing shift from filmstrip-based to digital film has profound implications for our understanding of the art form. Philosophers have only just begun to explore these implications.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0071","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T18:00:18Z","timestamp":1363716018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Film"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Thomson-Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Film"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:35:15Z","timestamp":1632425715000},"score":10.9350815,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0071.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0071","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T22:35:28Z","timestamp":1717194928350},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
When philosophers have written about \u201chistory,\u201d they have often had different and even incompatible goals in mind. One tradition of philosophers, generally from Continental Europe and originating in the eighteenth century, has wanted to contribute to answers to large questions about the nature of history as it presented itself over time as a compound of individuals, actions, nations, and civilizations: Does history have a direction? Is there a unity to history? Does history have meaning? Is there a plan to history? Do civilizations rise and fall? Is materialism or idealism the better framework for understanding the movement of history? This approach to the study of history is often referred to as \u201cspeculative\u201d or \u201csubstantive.\u201d A second tradition, related to the first, applies the methods and frameworks of hermeneutics to the understanding of history. Within this approach, the central task of historians is to provide intelligible explications of the actions chosen by historical actors. A third 20th-century tradition is \u201cconceptual and critical history,\u201d largely created by German historian Reinhart Koselleck. This philosophy of history focuses on the historical development of social and political concepts. A fourth tradition, largely Anglo-American and twentieth century in origin, rejects the goal of providing commentary on \u201chistory\u201d at all, and focuses instead on historical knowledge and historical explanation. This analytic tradition focuses on epistemology of historical knowledge rather than the metaphysics or large meanings of historical reality.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0043","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T18:00:18Z","timestamp":1363716018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Philosophy of History"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of History"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T07:28:03Z","timestamp":1695626883000},"score":10.933301,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0043.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0043","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,20]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T15:10:22Z","timestamp":1725894622107},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"9780195396577"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Along with Confucianism, Daoism represents one of the major indigenous philosophical and religious traditions of China. Although we can trace the origins of Daoism to the 4th century\u00a0bce, the term \u201cDaoism\u201d (daojia\u9053\u5bb6, lit. \u201cfamily of the Way\u201d) only gained currency during the Western Han (206\u00a0bce\u20136\u00a0ce) when the neologism was coined by the historian Sima Tan \u53f8\u99ac\u8ac7 (d.\u00a0110\u00a0bce) in his \u201cEssentials of the Six Schools\u201d (liujia zhi yaozhi\u516d\u5bb6\u4e4b\u8981\u6307), long after the introduction of such foundational texts as the Laozi\u8001\u5b50and Zhuangzi\u838a\u5b50. Having said that, we can note certain family resemblances among textual sources and master-disciple lineages during the pre-Han period that point to shared views on the cosmology of the Way (dao\u9053, lit. \u201croad\u201d or \u201cpath\u201d), the ultimate metaphysical force in the cosmos, and self-cultivation practices or \u201ctechniques of the Way\u201d (dao shu\u9053\u8853) that would enable the adept to attune or merge with the Way and lead a more realized life. It is the presence of these \u201ctechniques of the Way\u201d that led Sima Tan to label certain individual \u201cexperts\u201d and practitioners \u201cDaoists.\u201d Toward the end of the Eastern Han in 142\u00a0ce, we witness the beginnings of Daoism as an organized, institutional religion with the founding of the Way of the Celestial Masters (tian shi dao\u5929\u5e2b\u9053) and then later with the emergence of subsequent religious communities like the Shangqing \u4e0a\u6e05 or Highest Clarity and Quanzhen \u5168\u771f or Complete Perfection. Although there has been an historical proclivity, now less pronounced, on the part of some Chinese scholars and Western sinologists to bifurcate Daoism into \u201cphilosophical Daoism\u201d and \u201creligious Daoism,\u201d the distinction needlessly essentializes aspects of Daoism and ignores the complex process of poetic influence and conceptual appropriation within the tradition. With this in mind, this entry will focus on selections that highlight the philosophical dimensions of the Daoist tradition, beginning with a section on Daoism in the context of early Chinese philosophy along with dedicated sections on the Laozi and Zhuangzi. The rest of the entry will be organized into topics that address particular aspects of Daoist philosophy, including epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, social and political philosophy, and comparative studies.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0360","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T08:57:22Z","timestamp":1515661042000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Daoism and Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Daoism and Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T14:21:08Z","timestamp":1725891668000},"score":10.919955,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0360.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0360","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:57Z","timestamp":1714730277939},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The term \u201cphilosophy of language\u201d is generally used more restrictively than newcomers to the discipline might expect. While philosophers of almost every stripe have something to say about language, people who speak of \u201cphilosophy of language\u201d generally intend to restrict it to philosophers in the analytic tradition over the last one hundred years or so. This entry reflects that general convention. The entry also breaks the field down by major topic areas, with each later topic including at least one cornerstone work (usually more) and greater attention to recent papers of interest. The topics above (beyond the review of textbooks and supplements) may be thought of as falling into major groups based on a number of larger themes and questions in the field. After some historical review, we consider what our view on what languages must be: how do things become meaningful within a language and how do speakers adhere to the rules governing the language? We then look at how truth should be understood and, more narrowly, whether there are analytic truths (statements that are true in virtue of the meanings of their terms). Questions of how words themselves come to refer to or stand for parts of the world are then considered, both invariantly and in ways that are sensitive to context, including expressions of propositional attitudes. Two sections after that address more pragmatic matters in the philosophy of language: what is it to perform a speech act (and thus communicate with others) and what is it to use an expression metaphorically, deviating from accepted usage and yet being acknowledged by other speakers? We close with a review of an emerging debate between minimalists and contextualists over the degree to which the meanings of most of the language are fixed.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0063","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Philosophy of Language"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Language"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:27:31Z","timestamp":1632425251000},"score":10.909629,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0063.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0063","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:38Z","timestamp":1714730258597},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Analytic philosophy, with its emphasis on clear, topic-based argument, is usually dated to the early 20th century and is contrasted with Continental philosophy, which is more often concerned with overarching systems and theories. Analytic philosophers did not turn their attention to music until the last decades of the 20th century. Of course, they were influenced by and commented on earlier, philosophically motivated discussions of music, starting with the Greeks and much later including relevant work by musicologists, composers, critics, and psychologists as well as philosophers. Three topics became prominent: the expression of emotion in music, the nature of musical works, and what is involved in understanding and appreciating music. Philosophers asked if music expresses emotion, and if they answered yes, as most did, they asked how this is possible and whether the attribution could be literal. Is music expressive by virtue of some connection with the world of human feeling or in its own, perhaps indescribable fashion? Why is the listener moved by the music\u2019s expressiveness if no one undergoes the emotions it expresses? In the case of works, the interest was in their connection to notational specifications and performances. If they are abstract, does this mean they are discovered rather than created? Philosophers considered what makes a performance a performance of a given work, whether faithfulness to the work is important and what it entails, and in what respects the performer is free to interpret the work. In addition, they debated the prerequisites for musical understanding: for example, is knowledge of musical technicalities helpful or even necessary, and should the listener track the music\u2019s large-scale structure? And why do we value music so highly given that it does not provide useful information? As these topics imply, the primary focus at first fell on notated classical Western music composed for multiple, live performances by instrumentalists, and the main perspective was that of the listener. When the scope of interest was broadened, different issues emerged. Jazz, for example, raised questions about the nature of improvisation and about how the appreciation of music not intended for replay might differ from that appropriate for notated works. Rock, with its reliance on electronic mediation and recordings, provoked new debate about the nature of recorded works and about the relevant differences between recordings of works intended for live performance and recordings of works that essentially involve electronic manipulations and the kind of editing that cannot be achieved in real time. The range of philosophical topics invited by consideration of music and its role in human life continues to expand, though this article concentrates on those matters that have received most attention.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0067","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T18:00:18Z","timestamp":1363716018000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analytic Philosophy of Music"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Analytic Philosophy of Music"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:38:22Z","timestamp":1632425902000},"score":10.85632,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0067.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0067","published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:57:45Z","timestamp":1714730265809},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The historical and systematic importance of Kant\u2019s philosophy can hardly be exaggerated. The revolutionary contribution it made to earlier modern philosophy, the influence it had on the subsequent course of philosophical thought, and the significance it has for an understanding of our current situation are unparalleled. Given its importance, it is not surprising that scholarship on Kant\u2019s philosophy has also been extremely rich, with attention being paid both to specific sections of Kant\u2019s famous Critique of Pure Reason and to the systematic topics that are treated therein. While Kant\u2019s practical philosophy and aesthetics are revolutionary in their own right, the focus in the present context is on Kant\u2019s theoretical philosophy, which is expressed primarily, though not exclusively, in the Critique of Pure Reason.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0061","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,27]],"date-time":"2010-05-27T19:37:44Z","timestamp":1274989064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immanuel Kant: Theoretical Philosophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Watkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Immanuel Kant: Theoretical Philosophy"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:35:59Z","timestamp":1632425759000},"score":10.85632,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0061.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0061","published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:58:01Z","timestamp":1714730281253},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The literature on the analytic philosophy of photography is related to, but distinct from, the literatures on film theory and photography theory. All three revolve around the question of whether images can be importantly divided into the categories of photographic and manugraphic on the basis of their differing etiologies. The first, however, tends to focus on how this question intersects with core areas of philosophical research, while the second and third tend, instead, to look for intersections with larger cultural issues. As well, the first is burdened with methodological considerations, a self-awareness that reflects larger methodological contests that have roiled analytic philosophy over the past century. This article focuses on the first. Arguably the photographic formative process excludes the mentation of photographers in ways that the manugraphic formative process does not exclude the mentation of painters or sketchers. The alleged implications of such photographic objectivity include skepticism about the possibility of photographs functioning as artworks, assertions regarding various epistemic advantages associated with the medium, claims regarding a special phenomenology associated with viewing photographs, concerns that photographic images cannot function as representations, and, finally, special ethical considerations that emerge with photographic subjects that are persons. Methodological considerations divide contributors on the basis of whether they proceed in a traditional philosophical fashion by taking as their starting point ordinary linguistic usage of key terms, such as \u201cart,\u201d \u201cphotography,\u201d and \u201crepresentation,\u201d and then exploring inconsistencies between these, one the one hand, or whether, on the other, they proceed in a naturalistic fashion by taking as their starting point various phenomena associated with viewing photographs and then postulating whatever natural kinds are required in order to explain them.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0405","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T06:10:51Z","timestamp":1596521451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analytic Philosophy of Photography"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Walden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Analytic Philosophy of Photography"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:36:12Z","timestamp":1632425772000},"score":10.818106,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0405.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0405","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T04:29:40Z","timestamp":1744259380680},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Contemporary neuroscience is transforming how we know and understand ourselves in the world. Neuroscientists scan human brains to infer what individual persons, and interacting groups of people, are thinking and feeling. They use laser light and designer gene technologies to turn on and off specific circuits in behaving animals. Neuroengineers develop prostheses that can replace damaged neural structures. Philosophers have been taking notice of these developments and sometimes contributing to them. The philosophy of neuroscience investigates foundational questions across this interdisciplinary field and explores their relevance to long-standing philosophical disputes. Such questions cover norms of experimental methods, the nature of neuroscientific explanation, the nature of and relations among levels of theory, phenomena, and mechanisms, whether mind reduces to brain, whether neural states are representations, whether neural processes are computations, and the neural basis of consciousness. The philosophy of neuroscience overlaps so-called neurophilosophy, which is the appeal to neuroscientific results to address traditionally philosophical questions. By most accounts, the topics in this bibliography may be classified as either philosophy of neuroscience or neurophilosophy, depending on terminological preferences. According to Google Ngram Viewer, usage of the term \u201cneurophilosophy\u201d peaked in 2001 and then declined in favor of the term \u201cphilosophy of neuroscience.\u201d<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0399","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T11:55:51Z","timestamp":1582718151000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Philosophy of Neuroscience"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Bickle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gualtiero","family":"Piccinini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Neuroscience"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:32:57Z","timestamp":1632425577000},"score":10.803058,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0399.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0399","published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T18:38:18Z","timestamp":1715711898061},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
Contemporary medicine is fragmented in terms of approaches to what it is or should be, as well as to how it is or should be practiced. Approaches to the nature of medicine range from traditional logical and empirical accounts to humanistic and phenomenological ones, while approaches to its practice range from Evidence-Based Medicine to Patient-Centered Medicine. These approaches often involve different philosophical perspectives. For example, a reductionist perspective is foundational to standard biomedicine, whereas a holistic perspective is foundational to integrative medicine. In the present bibliography, entries on General Overviews, Edited Volumes, professional Journals, and online resources are listed initially, followed by different approaches to medicine\u2019s nature and practice, ranging from the Logic of Medicine to Integrative Medicine. The bibliography concludes with entries on Medical Ontology, including Disease, Health, and Medical Causation, and on Medical Epistemology, including Medical Knowledge and Explanation, Medical Informatics, and Clinical Judgment and Decision Making. Finally, the bioethics and medical ethics literature has not been included, since it constitutes a separate field of scholarship in the philosophy of medicine.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0216","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,16]],"date-time":"2014-07-16T12:23:49Z","timestamp":1405513429000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Marcum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T14:33:52Z","timestamp":1704810832000},"score":10.787177,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/display\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0216.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0216","published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,30]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:58:01Z","timestamp":1714730281547},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780195396577","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"
The subject matter of computer science encompasses a large number of different activities that range from abstract mathematical topics through core engineering practices and scientific investigations. Subsequently, the philosophy of computer science overlaps with the philosophies of mathematics, science, and technology, and the central philosophical concerns of these disciplines all have computational analogues. The ontological status of programs, the nature of computational abstraction, and the kind of knowledge delivered by correctness proofs are central instances. In addition, because of the focus of computer science on formal languages and their semantic interpretation, the philosophy of computer science draws in topics and inspiration from the philosophies of language and mind.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0224","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]],"date-time":"2019-05-30T09:29:42Z","timestamp":1559208582000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Philosophy of Computer Science"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"container-title":["Philosophy"],"original-title":["Philosophy of Computer Science"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T19:21:28Z","timestamp":1632424888000},"score":10.787177,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/oxfordbibliographies.com\/view\/document\/obo-9780195396577\/obo-9780195396577-0224.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"ISBN":["9780195396577"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/obo\/9780195396577-0224","published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]}}],"items-per-page":20,"query":{"start-index":0,"search-terms":"Philosophy"}}}