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Permanent inhabitants of subcortical spaces often show specialized morphologies, such as a miniaturized or dorsoventrally flattened body. However, the evolutionary consequences of these specialized morphologies on behavioral, ecological, and life-history traits have been little studied. We studied the mating biology and anatomy of <jats:italic>Platylabia major<\/jats:italic> (usually placed in the family Anisolabididae), which is an obligate inhabitant of subcortical spaces with a paper-like flattened body, and compared them with those of two thicker, spongiphorid earwigs, <jats:italic>Nesogaster amoenus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Paralabellula curvicauda<\/jats:italic>. Mating trials in various settings showed that <jats:italic>Pl<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic> requires thin spaces sandwiched by two planes to accomplish genital coupling and insemination. In contrast, the thicker species, although also frequently found in subcortical spaces, could mate on a single horizontal plane due to the ability of the male to twist its abdomen through approximately 180\u00b0. Examination by micro-computed tomography and a reagent-based clearing technique revealed no substantive differences in the configuration of mid-abdominal musculature between the species. The dorsal and lateral muscles of <jats:italic>Pl<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>, which are almost parallel to the antero-posterior body axis for accommodation within the thin abdomen, seemed incapable of producing the power to twist the abdomen. The abdominal musculature conforms to a simple pattern in both male and female earwigs, which is repeated in each of the pregenital segments. We conclude that small differences in the range of motion of each abdominal segment can result in large differences in possible mating postures and positions. Surgical experiments also demonstrated that both right and left penises of <jats:italic>Pl<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic> are competent and used for insemination with no lateral bias, as in most other earwigs with twin penises studied to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T17:50:37Z","timestamp":1698947437000},"page":"e0293701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subcortical life, evolution of flattened body, and constrained mating posture in the earwig Platylabia major (Insecta: Dermaptera: \u201cAnisolabididae\u201d)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-491X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kamimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8279-4104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chow-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0293701.ref001","first-page":"81","article-title":"A review of the anti-predator devices of spiders.","volume":"10","author":"JL Cloudsley-Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull Br Arachnol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0293701.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01209.x","article-title":"Trends in the ecological strategies and evolution of millipedes (Diplopoda).","volume":"69","author":"RD Kime","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"pone.0293701.ref003","first-page":"35","article-title":"The biology of Raphidioptera: A review of present knowledge","volume":"48","author":"H. 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In the early twentieth century it was accidentally introduced into North America where it became widespread in a number of states\/provinces of both the USA and Canada. It has also invaded Australia and New Zealand, and more recently Mexico, Chile and the Falkland Islands. Although economic damage to vegetable and flower gardens is generally minor, when high population densities occur it is a major pest in gardens and greenhouses, and a significant nuisance in households. 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However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic and biogeographical information. Using estimates of earwig species richness at country level, their latitudinal diversity gradient was modelled globally and for the two hemispheres separately after correcting for differences in country areas. Separate analyses were also conducted for mainland and island countries. All analyses clearly indicated the existence of latitudinal gradients. The most plausible explanation for the observed pattern is the so-called tropical conservatism hypothesis, which postulates (1) a tropical origin of many extant clades, (2) a longer time for cladogenesis in tropical environments thanks to their environmental stability, and (3) a limited ability of historically tropical lineages to adapt to temperate climates. Earwigs probably evolved on Gondwana and secondarily colonized the Northern Hemisphere. This colonization was hampered by both geographical and climatic factors. The Himalayan orogenesis obstructed earwig dispersal into the Palearctic region. Additionally, earwig preferences for warm\/hot and humid climates hampered the colonization of temperate regions. Pleistocene glaciation further contributed to reducing diversity at northern latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/d14100890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T02:31:03Z","timestamp":1666578663000},"page":"890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Global Patterns of Earwig Species Richness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Fattorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1086\/282398","article-title":"Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: A Review of Concepts","volume":"100","author":"Pianka","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. 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[4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12228","article-title":"Why are there so many species in the tropics?","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.12173","article-title":"Species richness and evolutionary speed: The influence of temperature, water and area","volume":"41","author":"Gillman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054102","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary drivers of geographic variation in species diversity","volume":"46","author":"Fine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. 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Here, we start to build the basic tools needed for integrated pest management for this species. We introduce a time-efficient sampling method based on small wooden boards placed on the ground, and we use them in a 2-yr survey of 93 commercial citrus blocks in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley. Insecticides were not applied targeting F. auricularia in any of these citrus blocks. We find that F. auricularia populations are very low or undetectable in most blocks, with higher densities occurring only sporadically. To know when control measures should be implemented, we used video-monitoring of citrus tree trunks to characterize the timing of F. auricularia movement from their soil nests into the tree canopy. Movement of earwigs along the tree trunks was observed throughout our sampling period (22 March to 18 June), suggesting that control measures (sticky bands placed on trunks, or insecticides applied to trunks and surrounding soil surface) should be applied early, well before petal fall when fruit are susceptible to F. auricularia herbivory. Sticky barriers effectively reduced the vertical movement of 2 crawling arthropods, F. auricularia and the Fuller rose beetle Napactus godmanni, along citrus trunks. We failed to find any relationship between estimated F. auricularia densities and damage to maturing or harvested fruit. This highlights a set of important and still unresolved questions about the biology of this species, underscoring the need for additional research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaf023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T19:57:41Z","timestamp":1738439861000},"page":"793-801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The European earwig <i>Forficula auricularia<\/i> (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in California citrus: a sampling method, population surveys, and description of earwig movement into the tree canopy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9228-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay A","family":"Rosenheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California , Davis, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Cluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California , Davis, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelley","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fowler Packing Company , Fresno, CA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042713470485500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110890","article-title":"Earwig releases provide accumulative biological control of the woolly apple aphid over the years","volume":"14","author":"Alins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2025042713470485500_CIT0002","author":"Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025042713470485500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2023.12.003","article-title":"Environmental complexity and predator density mediate a stable earwig-woolly apple aphid interaction","volume":"74","author":"Bischoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic App. Ecol"},{"key":"2025042713470485500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toz241","article-title":"Resistance of fruits from a mandarin cultivar to feeding by fork-tailed bush katydids","volume":"112","author":"Cass","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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The behaviour and shape changes of the wings during flight are yet unknown. We assume that they meet a great structural challenge to control the occurring deformations and prevent the wing from collapsing. At the folding structures especially, the wing could easily yield to the pressure. Detailed microscopy studies reveal adaptions in the structure and material which are not relevant for folding purposes. The wing is parted into two structurally different areas with, for example, a different trend or stiffness of the wing veins. The storage of stiff or more flexible material shows critical areas which undergo great changes or stress during flight. We verified this with high-speed video recordings. These reveal the extent of the occurring deformations and their locations, and support our assumptions. The video recordings reveal a dynamical change of a concave flexion line. In the static unfolded state, this flexion line blocks a folding line, so that the wing stays unfolded. However, during flight it extends and blocks a second critical folding line and prevents the wing from collapsing. With these results, more insight in passive wing control, especially within high foldable structures, is gained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.016527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T01:03:48Z","timestamp":1461632628000},"page":"638-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Simultaneous optimisation of earwig hindwings for flight and folding"],"prefix":"10.1242","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Deiters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Institute for Biomimetics, Westphalian University of Applied Science, Muensterstr. 265, Bocholt 43697, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Robotics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, Duisburg 47057, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Robotics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, Duisburg 47057, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Seidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Institute for Biomimetics, Westphalian University of Applied Science, Muensterstr. 265, Bocholt 43697, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"237","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042423255436500_BIO016527C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384747-8.10006-6","article-title":"6. 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C. H.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Notes and Queries"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nq\/article-pdf\/s2-I\/18\/357\/21292348\/357-b.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,16]],"date-time":"2018-06-16T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1529144078000},"score":15.241416,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/nq\/article\/s2-I\/18\/357\/4491432"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1856,5,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1856,5,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nq\/s2-i.18.357b","ISSN":["1471-6941","0029-3970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-6941","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0029-3970","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1856,5,3]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:35:10Z","timestamp":1740170110002,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Magnolia Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zootaxa"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new earwig species of Chelisoches Scudder, 1876, C. chongqingensis Ye &amp; Chen sp. nov. is reported from Chongqin City of China. The new species is characterized by the distinct metallic luster on the elytra and by the pygidium shape of the female. Descriptions and illustrations of both the male and female of the new species are provided. Another species, Platylabia major Dohrn, 1867, is redescribed based on material collected from Guangdong and Fujian provinces.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4790.3.9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T01:55:01Z","timestamp":1591926901000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Description of Chelisoches chongqingensis sp. nov. (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae) and redescription of Platylabia major Dohrn, 1867 from China"],"prefix":"10.11646","volume":"4790","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"XIAO-HAN","family":"YE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1327-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JUN","family":"GU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MEI","family":"ZHANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6331-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ZHI-TENG","family":"CHEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-48950.1","unstructured":"<p class=\"Reference\">Bormans, A.D. (1900) Quelques Dermapt\u00e8res du Mus\u00e9e Civique de G\u00e9nes. <em>Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova<\/em>, 20, 441-467.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Bormans, A.D. (1903) Notes on the Forficularia. VII. Some hitherto unpublished descriptions of new species, by the late M. Auguste de Bormans. <em>In<\/em>: Burr, M. (Ed.), <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History<\/em>, Series 7, 11 (62), pp. 221-241.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Burr, M. (1917) Contribution a la faune entomologique de l'indo-chine francaise. Dermapteres. <em>Annales de la Societ\u00e9 Entomologique de France<\/em>, 86, 57-62.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Chen, Y.X. &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-48950.2","unstructured":"Ma, W.Z. (2004) <em>Fauna Sinica, Insecta. Vol. 35. Dermaptera<\/em>. Science Press, Beijing, 420 pp.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Dubrony, A. (1879) Enumeration des Orthopt\u00e8res des r\u00e9giones Indienne et Austro-Malaise, rapport\u00e9es par MM J Doria, O Beccari et LM d''Albertis. <em>Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova<\/em>, 14, 348-383.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Dohrn, H. (1867) Neue und bisher nicht gen\u00fcgend bekannte Forficulinen. <em>Entomologische Zeitung<\/em>, 28, 343-349.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Fabricius, J.C. (1775) <em>Systema Entomologicae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus<\/em>. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, 832 pp.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.title.36510\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.title.36510<\/a><\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Fabricius, J.C. (1793) <em>Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta (vol 2)<\/em>. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, 519 pp.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">G\u00fcnther, K. (1934) Phasmadoiden und Forficuliden von Java, den kleinen Sundinseln und Nordaustralien. <em>Revue Suisse de Zoologie<\/em>, 41 (34), 525-543.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.part.146020\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5962\/bhl.part.146020<\/a><\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Haas, F. (2018) Biodiversity of Dermaptera. <em>Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society<\/em>, 2, 315-334.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118945582.ch12\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118945582.ch12<\/a><\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Hopkins, H., Michael, D.M, Haas, F. &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-48950.3","unstructured":"Lesley, S.D. (2020) Dermaptera Species File Online. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/dermaptera.speciesfile.org\/HomePage\/Dermaptera\/HomePage.aspx\">http:\/\/dermaptera.speciesfile.org\/HomePage\/Dermaptera\/HomePage.aspx<\/a> (accessed 25 April 2020)<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Kamimura, Y., Nishikawa, M. &amp"},{"key":"#cr-split#-48950.4","unstructured":"Lee, C.Y. (2016) The earwig fauna (Insecta: Dermaptera) of Penang Island, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new species. <em>Zootaxa<\/em>, 4084 (2), 233-257.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4084.2.4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4084.2.4<\/a><\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Kirby, W.F. (1891) A revision of the Forficulidae, with descriptions of new species in the British Museum. <em>Journal of the Linnaean Society<\/em>, Zoology, 23, 502-531.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1891.tb00388.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1891.tb00388.x<\/a><\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Srivastava, G.K. (2004) On the higher classification of Chelisochidae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check list of species. <em>Records of the Zoological Survey of India<\/em>, 101 (3-4), 159-66.<em> <\/em>[2003]<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Scudder, S.H. (1876) Critical and historical notes on the Forficulariae"},{"key":"#cr-split#-48950.5","unstructured":"including description of new generic forms and an alphabetical synonymic list of the described species. <em>Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History<\/em>, 18, 287-332.<\/p><p class=\"Reference\">Verhoeff, K.W. (1902) \u00dcber Dermapteren. 1. Aufsatz. Versuch eines neuen, nat\u00fcrlichen Systems auf vergleichend-morphologischer Grundlage und \u00fcber den Mikrothorax der Insecten. <em>Zoologischer Anzeiger<\/em>, 25, 181-209.<\/p><p> 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