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The simulation model is developed in a commercially available DEM software called PFC3D (Particle Flow Code 3D). The study primarily evaluates a complete tamping cycle as defined by insertion, squeeze, hold, and withdrawal. Using a Taguchi approach, the effect of Tine motion\u2019s frequency and amplitude, insertion velocity, and squeeze velocity are evaluated on tamping effectiveness. The compactness of the ballast particles, as defined by the average number of contacts per particle (referred to \u201cCoordination Number\u201d) is used as a measure of the effectiveness of tamping. Setting up the DEM model and important elements such as selection and calibration of particle shapes, ballast mechanical properties, contact model, and parameters governing the contact force models are described in detail. 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