{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":4,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:03:51Z","timestamp":1772269431228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"PeerJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-1","type":"component","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:41Z","timestamp":1496119241000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Figure 1: Overview images of single specimen of\n                      <i>Rhyniognatha hirsti<\/i>\n                      ."],"prefix":"10.7717","member":"4443","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1496119246000},"score":21.106848,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3402\/fig-1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-1","relation":{"is-component-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7717\/peerj.3402","asserted-by":"object"}]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:03:50Z","timestamp":1772269430730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"PeerJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-2","type":"component","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:41Z","timestamp":1496119241000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Figure 2: Close-up images on mouth parts of\n                      <i>Rhyniognatha hirsti<\/i>\n                      ."],"prefix":"10.7717","member":"4443","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:46Z","timestamp":1496119246000},"score":20.665668,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3402\/fig-2"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-2","relation":{"is-component-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7717\/peerj.3402","asserted-by":"object"}]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:03:50Z","timestamp":1772269430938,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"PeerJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-5","type":"component","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:41Z","timestamp":1496119241000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Figure 5: Newly suggested, highly speculative interpretation of\n                      <i>Rhyniognatha hirsti<\/i>\n                      as a\n                      <i>Crussolum<\/i>\n                      -like centipede."],"prefix":"10.7717","member":"4443","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T04:40:47Z","timestamp":1496119247000},"score":19.081753,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3402\/fig-5"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3402\/fig-5","relation":{"is-component-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7717\/peerj.3402","asserted-by":"object"}]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:24:54Z","timestamp":1793885094779,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009696","name":"Palaeontological Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA-CD202403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA-CD202403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Insects are phenomenally diverse, yet their evolutionary origins remain poorly understood. The fossil\n                    <jats:italic>Rhyniognatha hirsti<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert (ca. 408\u00a0Ma) has been widely accepted as the earliest insect and a crown-group pterygote (flying insect), based on the interpretation of short, dicondylic mandibles. For over two decades, this fragmentary specimen has served as a key calibration point in insect molecular phylogenies. An alternative hypothesis has proposed a myriapod affinity, citing ocular, antennal and maxillary structures. Here, we re-examine\n                    <jats:italic>Rhyniognatha<\/jats:italic>\n                    using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We find no evidence for an anterior mandibular acetabulum, refuting true dicondyly and undermining its placement within Dicondylia (silverfish\u2013pterygote clade). We re-assess the proposed centipede affinity, demonstrating that certain diagnostic features are more plausibly interpreted as exoskeletal folds, and that the mandibles lack a clear myriapod-type base plate. Comparative analysis reveals similarities with apterygote hexapods, including bifurcated maxillary endites and comb-like superlinguae, and myriapods, such as an edafopodan-like elongate suspensorium, but does not support assignment to any specific mandibulate lineage. Consequently,\n                    <jats:italic>Rhyniognatha<\/jats:italic>\n                    cannot be placed within crown-group Insecta and is unsuitable as a calibration fossil for insect evolution, shifting the minimum age of winged insects by approximately 80\u00a0million years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-70516-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:56:04Z","timestamp":1789725364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Morphology of the Devonian mandibulate arthropod Rhyniognatha and its implications for the timing of insect evolution"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0317-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9591-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Edgecombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3247-2988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1172-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"70516_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1928.tb01188.x","volume":"76","author":"RJ Tillyard","year":"1928","unstructured":"Tillyard, R. J. Some remarks on the Devonian fossil insects from the Rhynie chert beds, Old Red Sandstone. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 76, 65\u201371 (1928).","journal-title":"Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"70516_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02291","volume":"427","author":"MS Engel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Engel, M. S. & Grimaldi, D. A. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427, 627\u2013630 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"70516_CR3","volume-title":"Evolution of the Insects","author":"D Grimaldi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grimaldi, D. & Engel, M. S. Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005)."},{"key":"70516_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2017.11.007","volume":"47","author":"DE Alexander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alexander, D. E. A century and a half of research on the evolution of insect flight. Arthropod Struct. 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