One of the most distinctive features of ethical socialism was the place it gave to personal transformation and communal utopianism. This chapter explores the intersections between this type of socialism and a new anarchism. For most of the nineteenth century, anarchists were individualists, favoring clandestine organization and violent revolution. Yet, at the turn of the century, there arose a new communal anarchism associated with sexual liberation and moral experiments. The prophets of the new anarchism were Peter Kropotkin and Leo Tolstoy, not Mikhail Bakunin. Its organizational homes included the Freedom Group and the Brotherhood Church. It inspired agricultural and urban utopias in places such as the Cotswolds, Essex, Leeds, and London. And it appeared in discussion groups aimed at transforming personal and private relationships, including the Men and Women's Club.<\/p>","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150833.003.0013","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T12:34:53Z","timestamp":1511267693000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethical Anarchism"],"prefix":"10.23943","author":[{"given":"Mark","family":"Bevir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"10341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,19]]},"container-title":["The Making of British Socialism"],"original-title":["Ethical Anarchism"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T14:04:14Z","timestamp":1659017054000},"score":29.690136,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/princeton-scholarship-online\/book\/19966\/chapter\/178903644"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,11]]},"ISBN":["9780691150833","9781400840281"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23943\/princeton\/9780691150833.003.0013","published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,11]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:37:38Z","timestamp":1715128658143},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780198727859","type":"print"},{"value":"9780191851032","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]]},"abstract":"
This chapter examines the basic features of socialism and communism. Socialism is a complex ideology with numerous variants that are often strongly opposed to each other on one or more central questions or issues. Variants of socialism have converged with other classical ideologies (such as liberalism) in their beliefs and values, yet other variants have remained vehemently opposed to much within liberalism. The chapter first provides a brief historical background on socialism before discussing the key beliefs, values, and assumptions of socialism. In particular, it looks at socialism's critique of industrial capitalism and its vision of the good society, along with its its conception of human nature, community, and freedom. The chapter proceeds by considering some variants of socialism, especially communism and social democracy, as well as the overlap between socialism and other ideologies like liberalism. 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