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This chapter outlines how many trade associations there are in Japan, how large they are, how they are organized, and what they do. The Japanese Fair Trade Commission defines a trade association (jigyosha dantai) as \u201ca combination (or federation of combinations) of two or more firms that has as one of its principal purposes the furtherance of common business interests\u201d (JFTC 1995: 7). The definition\u2019s focus on business interests excludes scientific societies, public service organizations, and religious organizations from this group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0002","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1699192533000},"page":"30-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Japan\u2019s Trade Associations in the 1990s"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schaede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Cooperative Capitalism"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/52584291\/isbn-9780198297185-book-part-2.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:06:14Z","timestamp":1761246374000},"score":19.47609,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/54760\/chapter\/422684570"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]},"ISBN":["9780198297185","9781383019094"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:10:55Z","timestamp":1761246655146,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University PressOxford","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198297185"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781383019094"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While the case studies have suggested that self-regulation is widespread and that antitrust policy is less than effective in stopping its increase, there remains a question about how prevalent such activities are, and how industries differ in the extent to which they self-regulate. If differences exist, what explains them? More important, are there predictors of self-regulation that help us determine, for example, which industries are most likely to be strongly cooperative? Understanding predictors of self-regulation also permits us to forecast the likely effects of changes in the overall economic situation or in organizational stucture on an association\u2019s activities. For instance, how is self-regulation affected if an industry agrees on standardized product characteristics? And are there organizational features of trade associations that support self-regulation and can thus be used as identifiers of such activities? The policy implications of these findings are obvious: being able to predict the degree of self-regulation in an industry using trade association data offers a new way of gauging how closed a certain product market is, and how effective it would be to push for market opening, either as a competitor or through political means. Foreign firms that want to enter Japan\u2019s markets may find it useful to analyze the existing situation of self-regulation prior to making substantial investments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0006","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1699192533000},"page":"191-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data Analysis: Trade Associations and Self-Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schaede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Cooperative Capitalism"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/52584304\/isbn-9780198297185-book-part-6.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:06:15Z","timestamp":1761246375000},"score":19.37222,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/54760\/chapter\/422684590"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]},"ISBN":["9780198297185","9781383019094"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0006","published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:44:03Z","timestamp":1772264643842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Liverpool University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780969588573","type":"print"},{"value":"9781786944863","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"abstract":"<p>Specialist trades within the shipping industry rose to prominence in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The activities of the specialist Liverpool trade associations that sprang up as a result are housed in this collections. The records cover the following associations:- British Liner Committee; Canadian Atlantic Freight Secretariat; Liverpool Ship Owners\u2019 Association; The Liverpool Steamship Owners\u2019 Association; Shipping Federation, Liverpool and Mersey District; National Maritime Board; Employers\u2019 Association of the Port of Liverpool; Marine Insurance Associations; Liverpool and London Steam Ship Protection and Indemnity Association; Liverpool and London War Risks Insurance Association; Liverpool Underwriters Association; Liverpool Cold Storage Association; The Liverpool Corn Trade Association; Liverpool Cotton Association; Liverpool Provision Trade Association; and The Sugar Association of Lancashire.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5949\/liverpool\/9780969588573.003.0003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T02:21:28Z","timestamp":1537582888000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shipping and Trade 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associations"],"prefix":"10.18356","author":[{"name":"International Trade Centre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"7834","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T22:31:56Z","timestamp":1614205916000},"score":18.961174,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789213614907s021-c001"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,31]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18356\/0272c2ce-en","published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,31]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:10:54Z","timestamp":1761246654780,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University PressOxford","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780198297185"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781383019094"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Japanese trade associations date back at least to the 11th century, and throughout their long history, these associations have been actively engaged in various forms of self-regulation. Initially formed by merchants and artisans trying to create markets and establish mechanisms by which to differentiate upstanding merchants from charlatans, trade associations were soon also engaged in practices such as creating barriers to entry, quality controls, or price setting. Because Japan did not have a Commercial Code until the 19th century, the creation and functioning of early markets were dependent on such selfregulation. Even after the introduction of commercial laws, the practice of selfregulation continued and eventually was institutionalized during WWII. Thus, the function of self-regulation is a feature as old as the associations themselves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0007","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T13:55:33Z","timestamp":1699192533000},"page":"216-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Historical Development of Self-Regulation by Japan\u2019s Trade Associations"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schaede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Cooperative Capitalism"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/chapter-pdf\/52584306\/isbn-9780198297185-book-part-7.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T19:06:15Z","timestamp":1761246375000},"score":18.862005,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/54760\/chapter\/422684595"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]},"ISBN":["9780198297185","9781383019094"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780198297185.003.0007","published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,29]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T14:11:26Z","timestamp":1715263886549},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Policy Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781447333821","type":"print"},{"value":"9781447333944","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]]},"abstract":"<p>Corporations and trade associations engage in economic, legal, political, and scientific policy analysis. They employ more lobbyists, file more comments on proposed regulations, and sit on more government advisory committees than other categories of interest organizations. These efforts to influence government make extensive use of policy analysis. Routine business decisions by corporations involve of many of the tools used in policy analysis such as calculating the net present value, discount rate, and benefits and costs of alternative investment decisions. We examine the effectiveness of corporate policy analyses in three ways: (1) comparing the success of different interest organizations comment letters concerning a proposed regulation, (2) conducting case studies of three major government decisions involving policy analysis, and (3) examining the use of waivers to improve profits. The chapter ends with recommendations concerning how policy analysts can improve our understanding of American democracy.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1332\/policypress\/9781447333821.003.0013","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T08:14:06Z","timestamp":1537776846000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Policy analysis by corporations and trade associations"],"prefix":"10.1332","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"Godwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"165","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"container-title":["Policy Analysis in the United States"],"original-title":["Policy analysis by corporations and trade associations"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T19:10:11Z","timestamp":1659035411000},"score":18.683943,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/policy-press-scholarship-online\/book\/23708\/chapter\/184933040"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]]},"ISBN":["9781447333821","9781447333944"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/policypress\/9781447333821.003.0013","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T05:00:09Z","timestamp":1725771609965},"publisher-location":"2455 Teller Road,\u00a0Thousand Oaks\u00a0California\u00a091320\u00a0United States\u00a0","reference-count":0,"publisher":"SAGE Publications, Inc.","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9781452240794"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9781452276236"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"DOI":"10.4135\/9781452276236.n502","type":"reference-entry","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,10]],"date-time":"2014-02-10T22:46:52Z","timestamp":1392072412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trade Associations"],"prefix":"10.4135","member":"179","container-title":["Encyclopedia of Public Relations"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T21:13:21Z","timestamp":1650575601000},"score":18.679955,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/reference\/encyclopedia-of-public-relations-2e\/n502.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"ISBN":["9781452240794","9781452276236"],"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["10.4135\/9781452276236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452276236.n502","published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:03:29Z","timestamp":1770743009805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1934,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This address is illuminating and important from the standpoint of private forestry whose progress and success is so largely dependent on the enforcement of Code Authority. 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