Chapter 2 foregrounds the discussion of policy impact by individual foreign policy leaders. It explores the varied perspectives toward war and equality that are associated with women in Western cultures. The discussion shows how efforts to present half of humanity as a homogeneous unit have fallen short\u2014whether those attempts portray the group as consistently pacifist, feminist, or otherwise. The chapter develops a normative proposition that in liberal democratic systems, executives should ideally carry forward disparate outlooks that roughly approximate the distribution of policy views in the general population. It argues that positions toward political conflict and women\u2019s rights are ideally considered along a spectrum or continuum of opinion.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190875374.003.0002","type":"book","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T06:43:09Z","timestamp":1534920189000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interpreting Women, War, and Feminism"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Bashevkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"286","container-title":["Oxford Scholarship Online"],"original-title":["Interpreting Women, War, and Feminism"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T20:28:23Z","timestamp":1659472103000},"score":21.538494,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/2875\/chapter\/143478434"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oso\/9780190875374.003.0002","published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:40:22Z","timestamp":1732509622957,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"British Psychological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["bpspow"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"DOI":"10.53841\/bpspow.2013.15.1.53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:10:31Z","timestamp":1732507831000},"page":"53-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Women and austerity, feminism and the media, feminism and sport, feminism and trans-feminism"],"prefix":"10.53841","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Perl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"14482","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"container-title":["Psychology of Women Section Review"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.53841\/bpspow.2013.15.1.53","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T04:10:31Z","timestamp":1732507831000},"score":21.478413,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/explore.bps.org.uk\/lookup\/doi\/10.53841\/bpspow.2013.15.1.53"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"alternative-id":["10.53841\/bpspow.2013.15.1.53"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53841\/bpspow.2013.15.1.53","ISSN":["1466-3724","2396-8796"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1466-3724"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2396-8796"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1715637637591},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Edinburgh University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781474463249","type":"print"},{"value":"9781399513326","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]]},"abstract":"
This chapter focuses on a late film of Federico, Rhodesia's rebirth as Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe's rise to power dashed the hopes of women who had imagined independence as a road to gender equity and economic justice. Using history, literature, participant observation, and interviews, this book draws on thirty years of experience to survey Zimbabwean feminism from the colonial era to today. The book's analysis shows how actions as seemingly disparate as an ability to bake scones during the revolution and achieving power within a marriage in fact represent complex sources of female empowerment. The book also presents the ways women across Zimbabwean society\u2014rural and urban, professional and domestic\u2014accommodated or confronted post-independence setbacks. Finally, the book offers perspectives on the ways contemporary Zimbabwean women depart from the widespread view that feminism is a Western imposition having little to do with African women.<\/p>","DOI":"10.5406\/illinois\/9780252039638.001.0001","type":"monograph","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T05:20:41Z","timestamp":1493961641000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Women and Power in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.5406","author":[{"given":"Carolyn Martin","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"3673","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]]},"original-title":["Women and Power in Zimbabwe"],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T07:03:13Z","timestamp":1545289393000},"score":20.843872,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/illinois.universitypressscholarship.com\/view\/10.5406\/illinois\/9780252039638.001.0001\/upso-9780252039638"}},"subtitle":["Promises of Feminism"],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]},"ISBN":["9780252039638","9780252097720"],"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/illinois\/9780252039638.001.0001","published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,15]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:00:41Z","timestamp":1772168441128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":344,"publisher":"Duke University Press","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781478023784","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"DOI":"10.1215\/9781478023784-008","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T17:02:56Z","timestamp":1667408576000},"page":"249-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Notes"],"prefix":"10.1215","member":"73","reference":[{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Motherhood","volume-title":"Walker 1995a","author":"Abner","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/3346926","article-title":"Identity Politics, Political Identities: Thoughts toward a Multicultural Politics","volume":"16","author":"Ackelsberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Frontiers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.1989.4","article-title":"There\u2019s No Place Like Home: On the Place of Identity in Feminist Politics","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Feminist Review"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r4","article-title":"How the Women\u2019s March Came into Being","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Los Angeles Times"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r5","volume-title":"Living a Feminist Life","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r6","volume-title":"Bridges of Power: Women\u2019s Multicultural Alliances","author":"Albrecht","year":"1990"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r7","first-page":"330","article-title":"Cultural Feminism versus Post-structuralism: the Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory","volume-title":"The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory","author":"Alcoff","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r8","unstructured":"Alcoff, Linda Mart\u00edn. 2015. \u201cLinda Mart\u00edn Alcoff.\u201d Interview by Chandra Mohanty and Linda Carty. Feminist Freedom Warriors, June6, 2015. Video 1:03:33. http:\/\/feministfreedomwarriors.org\/watchvideo.php?firstname=Linda&lastname=Mart%C3%ADn%20Alcoff."},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r9","first-page":"143","article-title":"Identity Politics","volume-title":"Walker 1995a","author":"Allyn","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r10","unstructured":"Al-Saji, Alia. 2012. \u201cCreating Possibility: The Time of the Quebec Student Movement.\u201d Theory and Event15, no. 3. https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/484442."},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altamirano-Jim\u00e9nez, Isabel. 2017. \u201cTrump, NAFTA, and Indigenous Resistance in Turtle Island.\u201d Theory and Event20, no. 1: 3\u20139. https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/650858.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118430873.est0675"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r12","volume-title":"For Marx","author":"Althusser","year":"1965"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r13","volume-title":"Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays","author":"Althusser","year":"1971"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r14","article-title":"Foreword to the Second Edition","volume-title":"Moraga and Anzald\u00faa 1983a","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r15","first-page":"163","article-title":"Introduction to Speaking in Tongues: The Third World Woman Writer","volume-title":"Moraga and Anzald\u00faa 1983a","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r16","first-page":"165","article-title":"Speaking in Tongues: A Letter to Third World Women Writers","volume-title":"Moraga and Anzald\u00faa 1983a","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r17","first-page":"195","article-title":"Introduction to El Mundo Zurdo: The Vision","volume-title":"Moraga and Anzald\u00faa 1983a","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r18","first-page":"198","article-title":"La Prieta","volume-title":"Moraga and Anzald\u00faa 1983a","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1983"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r19","volume-title":"Borderlands\/La Frontera: The New Mestiza","author":"Anzald\u00faa","year":"1987"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r20","volume-title":"Making Face, Making Soul\/Haciendo Caras; 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New York: Third World Women\u2019s Alliance. https:\/\/repository.duke.edu\/dc\/wlmpc\/wlmms01009."},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r31","first-page":"382","article-title":"Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female","volume-title":"Morgan 1970a","author":"Beal","year":"1970"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2307\/3219821","article-title":"Patrolling Borders: Hybrids, Hierarchies and the Challenge of Mestizaje","volume":"57","author":"Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Political Research Quarterly"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r33","article-title":"More Prolife Groups Removed as Official Partners of the Women\u2019s March","author":"Bern stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"WJLA"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r34","first-page":"163","article-title":"Anti-rape Coalitions: Radical, Liberal, Black, and White Feminists Challenging Boundaries","volume-title":"Bystydzienski and Schacht 2001a","author":"Bevacqua","year":"2001"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r35","first-page":"207","article-title":"Reasons to Resist: Coalition Building at Indiana University","volume-title":"Bystydzienski and Schacht 2001a","author":"Bickel","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591700028003003","article-title":"Constructing In equality: City Spaces and the Architecture of Citizenship","volume":"28","author":"Bickford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Political Theory"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r37","first-page":"404","article-title":"Statement on Birth Control","volume-title":"Morgan 1970a","author":"Black Women\u2019s Liberation Group","year":"1970"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1086\/685477","article-title":"Black Feminism Out of Place","volume":"41","author":"Bliss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r39","volume-title":"Marxism and Intersectionality: Race, Gender, Class and Sexuality under Contemporary Capitalism","author":"Bohrer","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r40","first-page":"167","article-title":"Close, but No Banana","volume-title":"Walker 1995a","author":"Bondoc","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2017.1339673","article-title":"(Re)producing Feminine Bodies: Emergent Spaces through Contestation in the Women\u2019s March on Washington","volume":"24","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gender, Place and Culture"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2018.04.008","article-title":"Concerned, Meet Terrified: Intersectional Feminism and the Women\u2019s March","volume":"69","author":"Brewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Studies International Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/0090591793021003003","article-title":"Wounded Attachments","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Political Theory"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r44","first-page":"89","article-title":"Hard Ground: Jewish Identity, Racism, and Anti-Semitism","volume-title":"Yours in Struggle: Three Feminist Perspectives on Anti-Semitism and Racism, by Elly Bulkin, Minnie Bruce Pratt, and Barbara Smith","author":"Bulkin","year":"1984"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r45","first-page":"49","article-title":"Making Common Cause: Diversity and Coalition","volume-title":"Bridges of Power: Women\u2019s Multicultural Alliances","author":"Bunch","year":"1990"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1086\/495126","article-title":"Bringing Together Feminist Theory and Practice: A Collective Interview","volume":"21","author":"Bunch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r47","volume-title":"Healing Identities: Black Feminist Thought and the Politics of Groups","author":"Burack","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022110221022484600_notes_nopart_012_references.r48","unstructured":"Burnham, Linda. 2001. \u201cWorking Paper Series, No. 1: The Wellspring of Black Feminist Thought.\u201d Women of Color Resource Center. 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