{"status":"ok","message-type":"work-list","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"facets":{},"total-results":5468,"items":[{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:57Z","timestamp":1760059017797,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The American Cichlid Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hydrobiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A field study on the biparental convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) in Lake Xilo\u00e1, Nicaragua was conducted to understand how the loss of a parent\u2019s parental care affects the antipredator behavior of both parents and offspring during intruder events. We hypothesized that the combined efforts of two parents would result in increased intruder aggression and decreased offspring dispersion compared to single-parents of either sex, and that single-females and males would differ in their ability to deter predators and manage offspring dispersion. Both parents in a pair chased half the intruders that single-females did and the same number as single-males, suggesting that the presence of a partner deters intruders from encroaching and affords parents more time to engage in other parental care duties. Compared to single-parents, offspring accompanied by both parents were seldom left alone and showed greater shoal cohesion\u2014both of which would presumably lower their risk of predation. Although there were sex differences between single-parents in terms of how often they left their offspring unattended and called to them using pelvic fin-flicks, neither sex was found to be more effective at managing the distribution of their offspring. This field study provides empirical evidence to support the need for biparental care in this species and gives insight into the selection pressures shaping parental investment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrobiology4020014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1747800317000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defense Limitations of Single Parents in the Biparental Convict Cichlid Fish: A Field Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layla","family":"Al-Shaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Itzkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.07.039","article-title":"Parental care in birds","volume":"32","author":"Mock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-022-00127-4","article-title":"Insights into Parental Care from Studies on Non-mammalian Vertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Affect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1086\/283394","article-title":"Parental Care Patterns of Fishes","volume":"113","author":"Perrone","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sargent, R.C., and Gross, M.R. (1986). The Behaviour of Teleost Fishes, The Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.1992.5040719.x","article-title":"Clutton-Brock T. H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press. 352 pp., P\/b: $19.95, H\/b $ 49.50. ISBN: 0-691-02516-9","volume":"5","author":"Boesch","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00002396","article-title":"Effects of loss of male parent on brood survival in a biparental cichlid fish","volume":"34","author":"Keenleyside","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisenden, B.D. (2020). Effect of Predation on Shaping Parental Brood Defense and Larval Ontogeny of Convict Cichlids Leading to Population Divergence. Diversity, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/d12040136"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(82)80268-6","article-title":"Effect of removal of the mate on the parental care behaviour of the biparental cichlid Aequidens paraguayensis","volume":"30","author":"Mrowka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00002480","article-title":"Reproductive behaviour of free-ranging convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum","volume":"43","author":"Wisenden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"208","article-title":"Parental defense of young by the convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, in Lake Xilo\u00e1, Nicaragua","volume":"9","author":"Alonzo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aquaric. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/1935604","article-title":"Competition for Breeding Sites between the Cichlid Fishes of Lake Jiloa, Nicaragua","volume":"58","author":"McKaye","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12221","article-title":"Contrasting Parental Tasks Influence Parental Roles for Paired and Single Biparental Cichlid Fish","volume":"120","author":"Snekser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ary037","article-title":"Threat sensitive adjustment of aggression by males and females in a biparental cichlid","volume":"29","author":"Sowersby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01046.x","article-title":"Effect of Mate Removal on Current and Subsequent Parental Care in the Convict Cichlid (Pisces: Cichlidae)","volume":"97","author":"Lavery","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2006.01174.x","article-title":"Male size predicts the ability to defend offspring in the biparental convict cichlid Archocentrus nigrofasciatus","volume":"69","author":"Itzkowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fish. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.036","article-title":"Mate removal leads to increase in parental defence behaviour in free-ranging convict cichlids","volume":"82","author":"Breukelen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-014-1917-2","article-title":"Co-evolution of offspring antipredator competence and parental brood defense in convict cichlids","volume":"748","author":"Wisenden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12873","article-title":"Juvenile convict cichlids shoaling decisions in relation to shoal size and age","volume":"125","author":"Marlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1163\/156853969X00189","article-title":"The Communicative Function of Pelvic Fin-Flickering in Etroplus maculatus (Pisces, Cichlidae)","volume":"35","author":"Cole","year":"1969","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00000932","article-title":"The function of the pelvic fins during courtship and spawning in the orange chromide, Etroplus maculatus","volume":"13","author":"Ostrander","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1129","article-title":"The warning signals of parental convict cichlids are socially facilitated","volume":"47","author":"Shennan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-013-1122-6","article-title":"Spatial separation from family in the mobile young of a biparental fish: Risks and dynamics of returning home","volume":"101","author":"Jeswiet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/eff.12115","article-title":"Fin-flicking behaviour as a means of cryptic olfactory sampling under threat of predation","volume":"23","author":"Sutrisno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Freshw. Fish"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/5.4.439","article-title":"Factors affecting mate desertion by males in free-ranging convict cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum)","volume":"5","author":"Wisenden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-010-9754-2","article-title":"Sex differences in biparental care as offspring develop: A field study of convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia)","volume":"91","author":"Snekser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2021.104396","article-title":"Parental male and female convict cichlids assess and respond to threats differently depending on intruder species","volume":"187","author":"Breukelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.08.024","article-title":"Parental defence of an empty nest after catastrophic brood loss","volume":"76","author":"Wisenden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00516.x","article-title":"Sexual Differences in Offspring Defense in a Monogamous Cichlid Fish","volume":"70","author":"Itzkowitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Tierpsychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00001662","article-title":"Field studies of the behavioral ecology and agonistic behavior of Cichlasoma meeki (Pisces: Cichlidae)","volume":"10","author":"Neil","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.03.004","article-title":"Female breeding experience affects parental care strategies of both parents in a monogamous cichlid fish","volume":"104","author":"Santangelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paciorek, T., and Joseph, L. (2020). Behavioral and Endocrine Alterations to Partner Interactions and Offspring Care during Periods of Conflict. Integr. Org. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obaa002"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2085-3","article-title":"Seeing orange: Breeding convict cichlids exhibit heightened aggression against more colorful intruders","volume":"70","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.04.032","article-title":"Odour tracking by young convict cichlids and a mechanism for alloparental brood amalgamation","volume":"93","author":"Wisenden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."}],"container-title":["Hydrobiology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9917\/4\/2\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:36:12Z","timestamp":1760031372000},"score":26.974915,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-9917\/4\/2\/14"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["hydrobiology4020014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/hydrobiology4020014","ISSN":["2673-9917"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-9917"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1762101278940,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, exhibits extended parental care in both the laboratory and the field. Families of this species were observed in Lake Xiloa', Nicaragua, during part of the breeding season. Young fry (less than 5 days free swimming) could be induced to follow a variety of \"dummy\" parents when their own parents were restrained at a distance. Older fry fled the dummies in the same manner as they fled predators. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze further the responses of convict cichlid fry to parental dummies. Experiment I demonstrated the following: 1. Fry showed consistent preferences in tests with 5 pairs of mechanically moved dummies. Some of these preferences involve species characteristic cues. 2. Responsiveness to dummies increased over time within a test and over repeated tests. Responsiveness changed non-monotonically with age; those tested at 1 to 3 days free swimming were most responsive, 6 to 8 day old fry were least responsive and 14 to 16 day old fry showed intermediate responsiveness. 3. Preferences were weaker in the older, less responsive fry but were generally in the same direction as in younger fry. Experiment II tested the effects of experience with a particular dummy on the preferences demonstrated in Experiment I. For all ages and for most dummy pairs there was a significant interaction between training condition (preferred vs non-preferred dummy) and preference. Experience with a single dummy also resulted in a general increase in responsiveness to the two dummies in the preference test. The present results are discussed in terms of selection pressures presumed to operate on natural populations of C. nigrofasciatum and also in terms of research on \"imprinting\" in precocial birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/156853978x00585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,20]],"date-time":"2012-03-20T00:46:59Z","timestamp":1332204419000},"page":"138-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Filial Imprinting in the Convict Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Hay","family":"Thomas F.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Behaviour"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_18.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_18.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_18.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T03:55:42Z","timestamp":1680839742000},"score":26.440582,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_18.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853978x00585","ISSN":["0005-7959","1568-539X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7959"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1568-539X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:02:17Z","timestamp":1778241737774,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"10-11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:p>Models of optimal territory size are usually tested only by demonstrating that territory size is inversely related to food abundance or intruder number. The most fundamental predictions of the models, however, have rarely been tested: i.e. the fitness of the defender is a function of territory size and the optimal territory is one of intermediate size. We tested these predictions by measuring the growth rate of large convict cichlids (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, formerly Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) while defending food patches against smaller intruders over a 10-day period. Food patches differed in area by more than two orders of magnitude. We manipulated food abundance so that it increased with patch size in a decelerating way. As assumed, the realized benefits of defence (weight of food eaten by the defender) and the costs of defence (chase rate and chase radius) both increased in a decelerating way with increasing patch area. As predicted, the growth rate of the defender first increased and then decreased with increasing patch size. The initial increase in defender growth rate with increasing patch size was related to an increase in food eaten, but the decrease in growth rate for fish defending the largest patches was related to the costs of defence. Fish defending large patches had a low growth efficiency, apparently because of the social stress caused by intruders in their territories. Taken together, these results support the assumptions and predictions of optimal territory size models.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1163\/156853999500767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:59:45Z","timestamp":1027771185000},"page":"1347-1363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["OPTIMAL TERRITORY SIZE IN THE CONVICT CICHLID"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Praw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Behaviour"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/136\/10-11\/article-p1347_6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/136\/10-11\/article-p1347_6.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/136\/10-11\/article-p1347_6.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T03:34:05Z","timestamp":1680924845000},"score":25.748554,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/136\/10-11\/article-p1347_6.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10-11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853999500767","ISSN":["0005-7959","1568-539X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-7959","type":"print"},{"value":"1568-539X","type":"electronic"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:00:46Z","timestamp":1741302046871,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoyna nigrofasciatum, exhibits extended parental care in both the laboratory and the field. Families of this species were observed in Lake Xiloa', Nicaragua, during part of the breeding season. Young fry (less than 5 days free swimming) could be induced to follow a variety of \"dummy\" parents when their own parents were restrained at a distance. Older fry fled the dummies in the same manner as they fled predators. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze further the responses of convict cichlid fry to parental dummies. Experiment I demonstrated the following : 1. Fry showed consistent preferences in tests with 5 pairs of mechanically moved dummies. Some of these preferences involve species characteristic cues. 2. Responsiveness to dummies increased over time within a test and over repeated tests. Responsiveness changed non-monotonically with age; those tested at 1 to 3 days free swimming were most responsive, 6 to 8 day old fry were least responsive and 14 to 16 day old fry showed intermediate responsiveness. 3. Preferences were weaker in the older, less responsive fry but were generally in the same direction as in younger fry. Experiment II tested the effects of experience with a particular dummy on the preferences demonstrated in Experiment I. For all ages and for most dummy pairs there was a significant interaction between training condition (preferred vs non-preferred dummy) and preference. Experience with a single dummy also resulted in a general increase in responsiveness to the two dummies in the preference test. The present results are discussed in terms of selection pressures presumed to operate on natural populations of C. nigrofasciatiim and also in terms of research on \"imprinting\" in precocial birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1163\/156853978x00242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]],"date-time":"2008-04-07T13:21:12Z","timestamp":1207574472000},"page":"138-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Filial Imprinting in the Convict Cichlid Fish Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Hay","family":"Thomas F.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Behaviour"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_17.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_17.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T03:55:07Z","timestamp":1680839707000},"score":25.673893,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/65\/1-2\/article-p138_17.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853978x00242","ISSN":["0005-7959","1568-539X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7959"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1568-539X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T23:01:57Z","timestamp":1741302117125,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper investigates the occurrence of submission in relation to the courtship of the biparental sexually dimorphic convict cichlid, Cichlasoma (Archocentrus) nigrofasciatum. It was found that submission by females was not necessary for courtship to proceed and such behaviour was found only in a similar context to fleeing behaviour. The presence of an intruding male, while generally invoking courtship activities, did not reduce the aggressiveness of a resident female towards other conspecifics. Thus any inhibition of aggression was specific to the potential mate only. Similarly intruding males did not attack aggressive resident females, even though no symbolic inferiority was performed. It is suggested that inhibition of aggression towards the partner can occur in the absence of symbolic inferiority and proposed that a new terminology be adopted. Particular activities involved should be named according to postural elements, and the functional category referred to as Partner Attack Inhibition (PAI).<\/jats:p>\n         <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1163\/156853987x00224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]],"date-time":"2008-04-07T13:21:10Z","timestamp":1207574470000},"page":"294-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Partner Attack Inhibition in the Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma (Archocentrus) Nigrofasciatum"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"George F.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1(School of Animal Biology, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Behaviour"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/103\/4\/article-p294_5.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/103\/4\/article-p294_5.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T04:19:43Z","timestamp":1631593183000},"score":25.667625,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/103\/4\/article-p294_5.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853987x00224","ISSN":["0005-7959","1568-539X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7959"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1568-539X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Ontario"]}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T04:12:05Z","timestamp":1751602325705,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Carleton University","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.22215\/etd\/2011-06825","type":"dissertation","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T20:15:19Z","timestamp":1538684119000},"approved":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socially learned recognition of predation risk and non-risk : a theoretical model and empirical test of learning ability in the convict cichlid (amatitlania siquia)"],"prefix":"10.22215","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Barks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"9479","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T19:01:58Z","timestamp":1751569318000},"score":24.952671,"degree":["Master of Science"],"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14718\/36890"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[null]]},"references-count":0,"alternative-id":["MR83181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22215\/etd\/2011-06825"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:54:11Z","timestamp":1725630851288},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":3,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783642657023"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783642657009"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1973]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65700-9_16","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,7]],"date-time":"2011-11-07T08:35:34Z","timestamp":1320654934000},"page":"173-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Change of Aggressive Readiness in Post-Irradiation Generations of the Convict Cichlid Fish, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Holzberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(72)90159-5","volume":"16","author":"S Holzberg","year":"1972","unstructured":"Holzberg, S., Schr\u00f6der, J.H. (1972): Behavioral mutagenesis in the convict cichlid fish, Cichlasoma nigvofasciatura Guenther. I. The reduction of male aggressiveness in the first post-irradiation generation. Mutation Res. 16, 289\u2013296.","journal-title":"Mutation Res"},{"key":"16_CR2","volume-title":"Behavior-Genetic Analysis","author":"A Manning","year":"1967","unstructured":"Manning, A. (1967): Genes and the evolution of insect behavior. In: Behavior-Genetic Analysis (ed. J. Hirsch), New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"16_CR3","first-page":"303","volume":"13","author":"W Wickler","year":"1961","unstructured":"Wickler, W. (1961): \u00d6kologie und Stammesgeschichte von Verhaltensweisen. Fortschr. Zool. 13, 303\u2013365.","journal-title":"Fortschr. Zool."}],"container-title":["Genetics and Mutagenesis of Fish"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-642-65700-9_16.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T08:43:29Z","timestamp":1620290609000},"score":24.800236,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-642-65700-9_16"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[1973]]},"ISBN":["9783642657023","9783642657009"],"references-count":3,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-65700-9_16","published":{"date-parts":[[1973]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:25:54Z","timestamp":1762100754646,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the biparental convict cichlid fish, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, we examined whether the loss of a mate prior to spawning influences pair re-formation and reproduction. We manipulated an individuals' \"readiness to mate\" by removing its mate within 24 h prior to spawning and immediately replacing it with a similar sized individual that had not been exposed to prior courtship. Most pairs with a replaced male showed an increase in aggression and courtship but, within 24 h, successfully spawned. We determined that resident females required the presence of a male before depositing their eggs and the likelihood of forming this new pair bond remained unchanged in spite of the abbreviated premating period. Pairs in which females were replaced (i.e., male is the resident) took longer to spawn than control pairs. Courtship behavior did not increase with the addition of the new female, further illustrating that spawning was not imminent. Here again we provide evidence that the likelihood of forming a pair bond remained unchanged. We suggest that unlike females that were provided with a new male, a male provided with new female delays spawning because of his prior pair bond attachment to the initial female.<\/jats:p>\n         <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1163\/156853908783402939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,14]],"date-time":"2008-01-14T02:28:04Z","timestamp":1200277684000},"page":"313-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Males respond differently than females to mate loss in the biparental convict cichlid fish"],"prefix":"10.1163","volume":"145","author":[{"family":"Itzkowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Bockelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"374","container-title":["Behaviour"],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/145\/3\/article-p313_3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/beh\/145\/3\/article-p313_3.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T04:36:26Z","timestamp":1631594186000},"score":24.790081,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/beh\/145\/3\/article-p313_3.xml"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853908783402939","ISSN":["0005-7959","1568-539X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0005-7959"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1568-539X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T07:06:24Z","timestamp":1719471984060},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"ResearchersLinks Ltd","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["smithandfranklin.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PJZ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]},"DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2017.49.2.417.424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T23:04:08Z","timestamp":1485817448000},"page":"417-424","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2017.49.2.417.424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Histochemical Characterization of Convict Cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) Intestinal Goblet Cells"],"prefix":"10.17582","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sezgi","family":"Arman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sema \u0130\u015fisa\u011f","family":"\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"7005","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"container-title":["Pakistan Journal of Zoology"],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T23:04:09Z","timestamp":1485817449000},"score":24.653778,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/smithandfranklin.com\/current-issues\/Histochemical-Characterization-Convict-Cichlid-Amatitlania-nigrofasciata-Intestinal-Goblet-Cells%20\/20\/1\/341\/html"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17582\/journal.pjz\/2017.49.2.417.424","ISSN":["0030-9923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-9923","type":"print"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},{"institution":[{"name":"Research Square"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T06:38:00Z","timestamp":1747204680156,"version":"3.40.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"group-title":"In Review","reference-count":0,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"abstract":"<title>Abstract<\/title>\n        <p>Parental defense is risky, so parents balance the costs and benefits to make context-dependent decisions based on the type of threat which may impact pair distribution. Our previous field studies in convict cichlids, <italic>Amatitlania nigrofasciata<\/italic>, showed that the risk of brood mixing impacts aggression towards conspecific intruders. We also observed that parental pairs seem to distribute differently in relation to conspecifics versus heterospecific pairs. Parental aggression appeared to vary depending on species, with more aggression towards conspecifics than heterospecifics at closer distances. Here, we mapped pair distribution identifying pairs with neighbors within 3m. We found that more convict cichlid pairs had neighbors than did not and those with neighbors tended to be closer to heterospecifics than conspecifics. We then presented pairs of parental convict cichlids with stimuli consisting of other parental convict cichlid pairs or parental <italic>Hypsophrys nematopus<\/italic> pairs. Each focal pair was exposed to each species separately and then simultaneously at both near (20cm) and far (60cm) distances. During separate presentations, focal parents were more aggressive at near distances versus far distances for both conspecifics and heterospecifics, though the aggression towards heterospecifics was always less than that toward conspecifics at each distance. In the simultaneous presentations the focal parents were always more aggressive toward conspecific stimuli. These results support the idea that each species represent separate risks (such as conspecific brood mixing or predation) and benefits (such as shared offspring or territory defense) to reproductive fitness, which help shape the observed natural distribution of pairs.<\/p>","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3025977\/v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T15:00:28Z","timestamp":1689001228000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convict cichlid parental defense behavior towards conspecific and heterospecific parental pairs influences natural pair distribution"],"prefix":"10.21203","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hofstra University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan Rose","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salem Community College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie April van","family":"Breukelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goucher College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3025977\/v1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3025977\/v1.html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T07:04:19Z","timestamp":1692947059000},"score":24.60556,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.researchsquare.com\/article\/rs-3025977\/v1"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3025977\/v1","published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"subtype":"preprint"},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:09:14Z","timestamp":1694423354015},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The differential allocation hypothesis predicts individuals will increase their reproductive investment when mated to a high quality partner. In many species of fish with biparental care females prefer large males due to the males\u2019 greater ability to raise more offspring to independence. I examined the relationship between mate quality, parental care and number of offspring in a natural population of convict cichlids Amatitlania siquia. The frequency of frontal displays by females was positively correlated with male standard length. Additionally, as males increased in length relative to their mate, females increased the frequency of chases towards predators, while males decreased the number of displays towards brood predators. This trade-off in parental effort within a pair due to mate quality is a key prediction of differential allocation. The number of offspring was correlated with male, but not female, standard length. These results support the differential allocation hypothesis in that females offered more parental care to offspring of a larger male, while their mates decreased the amount of care they provided. Additionally, females benefited in terms of number of offspring by pairing with higher quality mates. Increased female investment may provide an incentive to ensure male care and maintain pair bonding, which could lead to greater reproductive success through increased offspring survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/58.1.66","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T02:09:05Z","timestamp":1456366145000},"page":"66-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of mate size on maternal reproductive effort in the convict cichlid Amatitlania siquia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ashley R.","family":"Robart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"container-title":["Current Zoology"],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cz\/article-pdf\/58\/1\/66\/32967907\/czoolo58-0066.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cz\/article-pdf\/58\/1\/66\/32967907\/czoolo58-0066.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,26]],"date-time":"2020-03-26T13:38:25Z","timestamp":1585229905000},"score":24.501759,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cz\/article\/58\/1\/66\/1803098"}},"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/czoolo\/58.1.66","ISSN":["2396-9814","1674-5507"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-9814","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1674-5507","type":"print"}],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:01:38Z","timestamp":1789653698856,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to polygynous species, monogamous males and females are considered more similar in their mate choosiness, yet few studies have explored the mate selection process between the sexes. Here, we examined this mate selection process in the monogamous convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus. We presented an individual (i.e. the selector) of each sex with a choice of two alternative, visually and tactilely isolated, mates. Tanks were video taped each day until the selector fish spawned with one of the potential mates (i.e. the accepted mate). The number of visits, length of visits, and courtship interactions were recorded. Selecting females spent significantly more time with accepted versus rejected males (i.e. females expressed a time-based preference for their chosen males), but there was no significant difference in the number of visits made to either male. Selecting females did not court accepted and rejected males differently, but rejected males courted at a significantly higher rate than did accepted males. Although selecting females expressed a time-based preference for accepted males, they continued to visit and court rejected males throughout the mate choice process; thus females did not terminate their selection process until they spawned. In contrast to selecting females, selecting males did not spend a significantly different amount of time with accepted and rejected females while visiting both females equally. Furthermore, selecting males courted accepted females significantly more than they courted rejected females. Thus, males expressed their mate preferences through courtship whereas females expressed them through time spent. Males also courted more than females. Many of these sex differences curiously resemble those of a polygynous social system, which we suggest perhaps indicates polygynous ancestral origins.<\/jats:p>\n         <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539042360125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,3]],"date-time":"2004-11-03T02:21:49Z","timestamp":1099448509000},"page":"1041-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Sex Differences in the Mate Selection Process Of the Monogamous, Biparental Convict Cichlid, Archocentrus 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Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]},{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:08:35Z","timestamp":1759147715074,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p xml:lang=\"en\">In the present study, naturally infected albino convict cichlids (Cichlasoma\nnigrofasciatum) were examined bacteriologically. The result of the examination\nPuseudomonas putida was\nisolated from the fish. After this result, comparing the difference of this\ninfection in normal and albino fish was aimed. So, the trial system for this\npurpose was established. Normal and albino fish were infected by the bacteria\nand the results were observed. At the end of the experiment, all albino fish\nwere observed to have died due to infection. Whereas deaths were not observed\nin the normal fish. As a result, albino fish (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) were found to be more sensitive to Puseudomonas putida infection than\nnormal fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.35229\/jaes.351597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T15:03:25Z","timestamp":1557241405000},"page":"51-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of albinism on Pseudomonas putida infection on convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum)","Convit Cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum)\u2019de Pseudomonas putida Enfeksiyonu \u00dczerine Albinism'in Etkisi"],"prefix":"10.35229","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"\u015eevki","family":"KAYI\u015e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akif","family":"ER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences 53100 Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5916-1891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeynep Zehra","family":"\u0130PEK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences 53100 Rize, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"20486","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altinok I., Kayis S. and Capkin E., (2006). 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To examine the flexibility in the sex\u2010typical roles shown by convict cichlids (<jats:italic>Amatitlania nigrofasciata<\/jats:italic>), we displaced non\u2010swimming young at three different distances from the nest and then analyzed the retrieval behaviors of each parent. Retrieval of altricial young is a behavior commonly used to measure parental care in mammalian studies, but has rarely been used in other taxa. We found sex differences in retrieval behavior: on average, females retrieved young close to the nest and males retrieved young far from the nest. This difference in parental contribution suggests a division of labor with sex\u2010specific roles. Sex differences may be due to proximity to young and\/or apparent risk of offspring predation. Additionally, we found that latency to first retrieval and total time spent retrieving young remained consistent across the various displacement distances, suggesting that retrieval is an essential parental behavior. 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